As a novelist, Mr. Shen Congwen has another identity-a historian. Wang Yarong, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, is most familiar with Mr. Shen Congwen, who initiated the study of ancient Chinese costumes.

On September 8, 2017, Wang Yarong gave an academic lecture entitled "Shen Congwen and Ancient Costume Culture" at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, introducing the development of textile archaeology from Mr. Shen Congwen to Mr. Wang and Mr. Wang Yarong, as well as the younger generation of textile archaeologists represented by Wang Jisheng, Si Zhiwen, Fu Meng and Jia Ting, and citing three textile archaeology in detail: the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi, the Chu Tomb of Warring States No.1 in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei, and the Tatonggong Hidden Shrine in Ciyun Temple in Ganzhou, Jiangxi.

In addition, Mr. Wang Yarong also put forward a general idea of "China Costume Museum".

Third from the left in the front row: Shen Congwen, fourth from the left: Wang Yarong.

First, the beginning of textile and apparel research work

China was the earliest country in the world to raise silkworms for reeling, and it was well-known in the world for its silk weaving skills in BC. Silk weaving penetrated into all aspects of ancient social life in China, and was applied to dress, home decoration and many other aspects. Textile cultural relics belong to organic matter, which makes it difficult to get the attention of cultural relics like bones, horns, teeth, jade, porcelain and bronze at the ideological level. As a result, with the subversive transformation of modern production methods, the traditional textile chain in China was almost completely broken, and the physical preservation time of textiles was only 100 years, which eventually led to the fracture of silk-weaving civilization in China.

(A) The publication of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume"

In 1963, during his diplomatic visit, Premier Zhou Enlai found that China, which is famous for its silk weaving, had completely lost its own textile and clothing language, which formed a huge contrast in international exchanges. Therefore, he entrusted Mr. Shen Congwen with the task of completing the gift book of "Research on Ancient Chinese Clothing", which clearly defined the world cultural status of China’s textile culture.

Shen Lao himself recalled the beginning of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume": "In the early spring and summer of 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai and people from several cultural departments talked about going abroad every time, and they were often invited to visit clothing museums and wax museums in those countries, because they could represent the cultural development and technological level of this country. Generally speaking, their exhibitions are mostly materials from the Middle Ages to the 17th and 18th centuries. China has a long history and culture, and there are a lot of old and new materials. I wonder if it is possible to systematically compile some of these books and give them away as cultural gifts when going abroad in the future. At that time, Mr. Qi Yanming was the Deputy Minister of Culture, and I recommended it. "

Mr. Shen Congwen and A Study of Chinese Ancient Costume

After the turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, until September 1981, the Chinese and Japanese versions of Research on Ancient Chinese Costume were finally published by the Hong Kong Branch of the Commercial Press, which was the pioneering work of the research on ancient Chinese Costume. At that time, Mr. Shen led Mr. Wang and I to proofread the manuscript in the office of Hong Kong Commercial Press. During this period, Mr. Shen Congwen also took time to visit his old friends Shang Chengzuo and Mr. Rong Geng at Sun Yat-sen University. At that time, the joyful scene of three wise men was very touching. On that day, Mr. Shang also wrote the title of the book "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume".

Mr. Shen Congwen (middle) and Mr. Rong Geng (right) and Shang Chengzuo (left)

(2) Get to know Mr. Shen Congwen

Mr. Shen Congwen’s interest in the study of cultural relics and historical materials began very early. From the 1930s, he paid special attention to various crafts in his hometown Miaoxiang, Xiangxi, and began to write some papers on textile archaeology in the 1940s. After liberation, because of the need of job change, he devoted himself to the research and preaching of cultural relics. Premier Zhou’s entrustment became an opportunity for Mr. Shen to devote more of his mind to the research work of "mutual proof of history and reality" in textile and apparel. For example, in 1953, Mr. Shen published an article on "Weaving Gold Brocade" in "New Observation", with more than 10,000 words, in which he put forward many new ideas that others did not pay attention to at that time. Among them, the naming and naming of many things was decided by Mr. Shen. For example, the concept of "jade clothes" that we are familiar with now comes from this article. Sure enough, the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing, and his wife Dou Wan in Mancheng, Hebei Province, which was excavated in 1968, has been unearthed, confirming Shen Lao’s inferential research.

As we all know, Mr. Shen Congwen’s research on ancient Chinese costumes encountered many problems and delayed a lot because of the times, but in the meantime, Shen Lao never stopped reading and pondering over documents and cultural relics. Mr. Wang and I got to know Mr. Shen in these turmoil and hardships, and were taught by him to invest in the research work of ancient Chinese costumes.

In the 1970s, the library was a deserted place, with only a few people all day. I got acquainted with Professor Yang Xianru, a good friend of Mr. Shen, from the Chinese Department of Renmin University of China, because I was looking for periodical materials in the Beijing Library. After knowing the information I was looking for, Professor Yang told Mr. Shen Congwen that I had the information I needed and warmly introduced me to Mr. Shen Congwen. In 1973, due to Mr. Shen’s lack of assistants, I hoped I could help him draw, so Mr. Shen asked me to "draw" the bear play of the five-bird play, which was advocated by Hua Tuo in the Western Han Dynasty, according to a group of pictures of gold and silver artifacts in People’s Pictorial. After reading it, Mr. Shen was very satisfied and thought that I understood his required intention. Since then, I have become a helper in the study of Mr. Shen’s material and cultural history.

Bear play of wuqinxi

In the 1970s, Mr. Shen continued to sort out the manuscript of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume", and he never stopped studying various material and cultural history. But what Shen Lao is really most concerned about is how to spread the essence of national culture more, so from the beginning, his research method is "historical facts prove each other", and the goal is to make more people understand and narrow the distance with the essence of traditional culture through these studies after comparing the physical objects with the literature. Mr. Shen’s research has always been the pursuit of painting reproduction and physical evidence collection. My early work was also here. Since then, I have also entered the research of traditional textile and clothing culture until today.

(3) Initiating the cause of textile archaeology

In 1978, Mr. Shen was transferred to the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences to establish a research room for ancient Chinese costumes. Proposed by Mr. Shen Congwen and approved by Dean Hu Qiaomu, Mr. Wang and I officially became Mr. Shen’s assistants, which initiated the study of textile archaeological cultural relics and advocated the materialistic method of "taking the history of physical evidence" to study clothing culture. Although Mr. Wang and I can’t compete with Mr. Shen, we did finish some work that Mr. Shen didn’t set foot in, which made the work of Mr. Shen in his later years smoother. The combination of our practice and Mr. Shen’s research benefited us greatly, which can be described as the great fortune of our generation.

When I assisted Mr. Shen’s clothing culture research in the early days, a series of work was initiated in China, which really improved the work content of China ancient textile clothing research, and I also engaged in clothing culture research all my life. This work is all the practice and research work of textile archaeology. It not only really perfects the research work of textile and clothing initiated by Mr. Shen, but also becomes the only China-specific branch of archaeology in China.

As the first practitioners of this work, I deeply felt the profound accumulation of ancient Chinese costume culture and history in practice, so I felt that my responsibility was great. As the staff at the archaeological site, they exercise the duty of protecting and studying cultural relics. The organic textile cultural relics that are difficult to be preserved are fragile and deteriorated. A slight mistake at the scene will destroy or mislead the direction of culture. It can be said that it is a big crime to see and not get them. More than forty years of first-line work experience, I dare not comment on others, but always introspect. In retrospect, I should have a clear conscience.

Mr. Wang and I participated in the excavation, protection and restoration of textiles, including Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, No.1 Chu Tomb in Jiangling Mashan, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, Tangta Palace in Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, Liu Sheng Tomb in Zhongshan, Hebei Province, Dabaotai Han Tomb in Beijing and Guo Tomb in Sanmenxia, Henan Province. After Mr. Wang’s physical condition declined, I personally presided over the excavation, restoration, protection and research of many textile cultural relics, such as the Eastern Han Tomb in Niya, Minfeng, Xinjiang, the Han Tomb in Laoshan, Beijing, the Yuan Tomb in Yuanling, Hunan, the Tomb of Military Attaché in Shijingshan in Qing Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi, the cultural relics in Ciyun Temple Tower in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, the cultural relics in Pigeon Cave in Longhua, Hebei, and the Liao Tomb in Yemaotai, Liaoning. These works gradually formed a relatively complete physical chain of textile cultural relics in China, which provided important evidence for the study of ancient Chinese costume culture, and also improved the protection of textile cultural relics and the research of technology in practice.

1995 is the 30th anniversary of Mr. Shen Congwen’s research on ancient Chinese costumes. With the support of Mr. Guo Hanying, the son of Guo Moruo, the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, a small commemorative exhibition was held in Guo Moruo’s former residence. The exhibition was very successful and won unanimous praise from leading experts from China Academy of Social Sciences, China Academy of Sciences, National Cultural Heritage Administration, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Fashion. At that time, Mr. Wang Renzhi, executive vice president of China Academy of Social Sciences, gave us eight words with great emotion after knowing our work situation in detail: hard work and bleak management.

Left one: Xinhua News Agency reporter, left two: Wang Yarong, left three: Mrs. Shen, right three: Wang, right two: Wang Zengqi, right one: Guo Hanying.

Second, the practice and research in the field of textile archaeology

Mr. Shen Congwen strongly advocated that the study of costume culture should make the past serve the present. Textile archaeological excavation and protection is to inherit the skills of China elements of our ancestors, and apply them to all aspects of modern social life. It is the closest research to modern social life to revitalize the study of China’s clothing culture and clothing. Therefore, under the guidance of Shen Lao, we pay special attention to the extension of textile and clothing research work. The following will give three examples to describe the situation of textile archaeological sites in recent years.

(1) Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

Jing ‘an County, Jiangxi Province is located in Yichun City, northwest Jiangxi Province, 80 kilometers southeast of Nanchang. Jing ‘an County, Jiangxi Province has a high terrain in the west and a low terrain in the east, with mountains in the west and hilly plains in the east. The North River runs through the whole territory from west to east. Shuikou Township, where the Tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is located, is located ten kilometers west of the county seat, which is a transitional zone from hills to western mountains. Shuikou basin is about three kilometers long from east to west and two kilometers wide from north to south. The tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are located on the southern edge of the basin.

According to the relics collected from the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province after being stolen, including silk fragments, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the rescue excavation of the tomb, and informed me to participate in the rescue and protection of silk together with Jiangxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The tomb is a vertical hole tomb with earth pits, divided into three groups of 47 coffins, and there is almost no gap between coffins. Therefore, the primary problem faced by archaeological work is how to extract the coffin. Because the water level in the south is low and humid, and there is a lot of water in the coffin, siphon pumping is adopted. In order to prevent the silk in the coffin from being bumped and dislocated during transportation, it is coated with desized white cotton cloth. Then, we made a special iron carriage, transported the coffin to a large grain depot nearby for cleaning and disinfection as a temporary laboratory, and cooled the room temperature to 18℃ with ten air conditioners.

Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

Because the bamboo mat wrapped the corpse is very fragile, the method of coiling was adopted, and at the same time, attention should be paid to water conservation. After extraction, it was found that the weaving technology of bamboo mats at that time was almost the same as that of modern times, and they were all "human" patterns.

Excavate the cleared bamboo mat.

In the process of cleaning silk fabrics, it was found that mud, sand and silk fabrics were mixed together, and those sands were very small, the largest of which was only the size of mung beans, so they were picked up one by one. Silk fabrics are also wrapped in soil, so it is impossible to judge the specific shape and appearance. Therefore, we decided to build a pool beside it, beat the water with our hands, and use the ripples of the water to swing out the mud. Every time we clean it, we need to change the water for 50 or 60 times. When the silk fabric is about to be cleaned, we need to slowly absorb the water and mud with a sponge. This process is very long. When the mud was completely cleaned up, the largest piece of textile unearthed from the coffin so far was obtained, and it was determined that the silk fabric was a square hole yarn of mulberry silk.

Excavation of the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province-Pick-up and Cleaning of Textiles

The Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province, after two years of on-site rescue cleaning and protection, the earliest warp and brocade textiles in China have been discovered so far (most of the textiles we see now are weft-knitted). In this tomb, the square hole yarn, hunting brocade and geometric brocade of silk fabrics from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were cleared up, among which the density of geometric double-color brocade fabric reached 240×10 pieces/cm2, which is quite high today. After preliminary research, all the tomb owners are women aged 15 to 25, but no jewelry has been found, which may not be the wife and concubine of the dignitaries, but the weaver of the nearby textile workshop. This excavation work successfully rescued the tombs and precious cultural relics of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty under protection, and obtained many empirical evidences of the costume culture of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China in 2007.

Original Jing Jin Unearthed from Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

(2) Chu Tomb of Warring States Period No.1 in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei.

Mashan No.1 Warring States Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province, which was cleaned in 1982, was in good sealing condition. Silk cultural relics were well preserved in the coffin. It was amazing at the beginning of the coffin opening, and it was very beautiful to see colorful embroidered quilts. But after a glance, Mr. Wang decided to immediately close the coffin and seal it and transport it back to the laboratory for further cleaning, so as to clean, protect and study it in a better environment.　

It has been more than 30 years since the excavation of the tomb. Except for the excavation personnel, the cultural relics that people can see are all exhibits or pictures after excavation, and most people’s understanding of cultural relics is "second-hand" or incomplete. Mashan N10 (the tenth cultural relic of the inner coffin) has a scarf tapestry with a light yellow silk face tattooed by a phoenix flower. Most of the cultural relics can only see a positive image, and if we only take the picture data as the basis, we may get two restoration results. What is really noteworthy is that these two results seem to be consistent with the report in terms of patterns, colors, sizes, etc., so which is true or false? We then studied the back of two kinds of restored products, and finally confirmed the results according to the specific process techniques.

N10 phoenix bird flower tattooed on the No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling (left: original copy, right: original copy)

It is worth paying attention to the collar of the cotton robe with light yellow silk face tattooed by the flowers of N10 phoenix bird at No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling. The collar is a very regular geometric pattern, all of which are diamonds, while the pattern in the middle of the diamond is very elegant. For example, there is a carriage in the design, and the driver in blue is responsible for driving the carriage, and the yellow one is shooting an arrow with a bow and a standard behind it. Below the figure is a carriage, below which are wheels, and in front of which are galloping horses pulling carts. In the diamond on the right left of this set of hunting maps of horses and chariots, there is a beast with an arrow falling to the ground and looking back, and there is a running deer in front of the beast. In the diamond on the lower left of the hunting map of horses and chariots, there is a man twisting his body, holding a sword in his right hand and a shield in his left hand to fight the tiger opposite. In the diamond on the right side of the pattern, there is a man kneeling on the ground, fighting with a leopard with a dagger in his right hand, and there is a small hunting dog next to him. In this unit, which is only 6.8 cm wide and 17 cm long, the scene of ancient nobles shooting rich wolves and fighting tigers and leopards is shown. Only this deputy collar, an embroiderer needs to embroider for more than seven months, which shows the luxury of the king’s life at that time.

The hunting map of horses and chariots on the collar

Perhaps the above examples should make everyone feel that the real history of textile cultural relics is sometimes misunderstood blindly. Mashan Chu Tomb is the precious silk products of the Warring States period that we first saw and cleaned up. As practitioners who stripped, protected and recorded textiles, the seriousness and rigor of our work was obvious to all at that time. Even so, the understanding of the tapestry was not correct at the initial stage, and even the excavation report was mistakenly written as a tapestry.

There are also mistakes in many published materials, such as the unit pattern extraction of embroidered quilt in Mashan Chu Tomb. Except for the Study of Ancient Chinese Costume by Mr. Shen Congwen, even the Excavation Report of No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province by Cultural Relics Publishing House has deviations in the division of pattern units. This may also be related to the misunderstanding of cultural relics as the digger himself. The correction of these misunderstandings comes from Mr. Shen’s long-standing research requirements and his strong desire to reproduce historical truth.

In the 1970s, after completing the excavation of the Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province, I personally devoted myself to the vision of the reappearance of cultural relics after work. Under the extreme enthusiasm for the appearance of cultural relics more than 2,000 years ago, we overcame many difficulties, made a deeper interpretation of cultural relics again, and set out to copy the N10 robe of Mashan No.1 Chu Tomb. The robe has straight sleeves, wide cuffs and a right collar. The dress is complete with lock embroidery to complete the embroidery of phoenix flower pattern, and the collar edge field hunting tattoo decoration is completed with nano-embroidery technology. China’s traditional clothing with plane cutting has always had the effect of three-dimensional cutting, but at first glance, N10′ s underarm square insert did not know its function. However, after the recovery, wearing a belt, no matter what action the hand makes, the dress will not move, which is not only convenient for the action, but also maintains the etiquette of Jing Ya, which is worth learning from today.

N10 garment replica of Mashan No.1 Chu Tomb

The pattern on N2 quilt of Mashan Chu Tomb is also very beautiful. For example, in the dragon and phoenix combination pattern, two S-shaped dragons are opposite, and the wind mouth holds the dragon’s tail, which makes the dragons seem to be struggling. In this batch of decorative patterns, the phoenix is at the top, either biting the dragon’s tail with its beak or stepping on the dragon with its foot. The whole pattern structure is very particular about dragons and phoenixes crisscrossing each other, turning left and right symmetrically, and staggered up and down by half a grid. All the patterns in the tomb are mainly dragons, phoenixes and tigers, and the phoenix has the upper hand, which seems to be related to the totem or belief of the Chu nationality at that time.

The dragon and phoenix combination pattern on the quilt of N2 in Mashan Chu Tomb

Mr. Shen was very pleased with the reproduction of the textile cultural relics of Mashan Chu Tomb. He even said that "the representative clothes that have been experienced for many years will be made one by one and displayed in a room, which is the China Costume Museum". Professor Zhang Guangzhi of Harvard pointed out with excitement: Your work is the reappearance of ancient costumes by using experimental archaeology research methods, which makes the latest research method that rose in the United States unexpectedly appear in China and try it in textile archaeology, a new discipline that has not been paid enough attention to. He encouraged me to keep going.

Since the successful excavation and publication of the cultural relics of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Hunan Province, important textile cultural relics have appeared in a series of tombs such as Mashan Chu Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province, Tangta Palace in Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, Liu Sheng Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, Dabaotai Han Tomb in Beijing, Yemaotai Liao Tomb in Liaoning Province, Guo Tomb in Sanmenxia, Henan Province, Niya East Han Tomb in Minfeng, Xinjiang, Laoshan Han Tomb in Beijing, and Dong Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province. Although we worked patiently, the method was not really taken seriously by the academic circles, and what remained was only the rotten and unrecognizable remains, which failed to make people intuitively understand silk cultural relics and left the world’s understanding of China’s silk weaving and clothing history in a gloomy impression. Although I feel deeply sorry and responsible, the busy work and limited funds have made the expansion of textile experimental archaeology expected by the old gentlemen come to a standstill.

(3) Hidden niche of Pagoda Temple of Ciyun Temple in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province

May 26th, 2004. Ganzhou Museum in Jiangxi Province has been repairing the stupa of Ciyun Temple, and found a large number of broken cultural relics in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty in the hidden niche on the fourth floor of the inner wall.

Ciyun Temple Tower in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province and Unearthed Cultural Relics Fragments

The restoration of paper-based paintings and calligraphy unearthed from Ciyun Temple Tower is quite different from the traditional mounting and restoration technology of China paintings and calligraphy. It is a restoration and research work jointly completed by archaeological taxonomy, cultural relics protection technology and China painting research, which took five years to complete.

In the early stage of debris sorting, many pieces were sorted for the first time according to basic characteristics such as material and color by using the method of shape classification in archaeology. Then these sorted pieces of paper and silk cultural relics are selected and classified according to their artistic meaning, and the pieces are reassembled and selected with similar artistic meaning and gradually put together. After the initial splicing, more than 30 paintings of support in the Northern Song Dynasty were repaired by connecting and shaping with a single silk screen of silkworm, exposing the life paper after painting the heart is stuffy, absorbing water and discharging solid with the lining paper, scraping the damaged part along the edge of the defect, mending according to the contour of the defect, sticking the folding strips and other steps, and there were almost no such paintings handed down at that time. At that time, Mr. Su Bai, a famous archaeologist, shook his head and said, "I don’t understand, I don’t understand", and suggested that no experts should write conclusive opinions, and the archaeological report should publish the information completely, so that experts from various related fields can participate in the research.

Before and after the restoration of the seven-year remnant of Dazhong Xiangfu

Third, the idea of establishing China Costume Museum.

Archaeological discoveries and documents in China record that Chinese’s clothing culture has evolved from the beginning to the world’s glory, and more than half a century’s scientific exploration of textile archaeology has also presented the world with a physical chain of clothing culture. From the ultra-fine bone needle of Xiaogushan discovered in Liaoning about 45,000 years ago to the textile machinery of Hemudu, to Mashan, Mawangdui, Famen Temple and Niya textile cultural relics, it eloquently shows the glory of China’s costume culture history. China’s sericulture and silk weaving technology is an important invention presented to the world.

Shen Congwen, a famous writer and cultural relic historian in China, was proposed by Premier Zhou Enlai half a century ago to create a precedent for the research and protection of China’s costume culture, and Shen Lao’s Study of Ancient Chinese Costume is a pioneering work in this field. Then, from Mawangdui Han Tomb, Mashan Chu Tomb, Famen Temple Underground Palace, Niya in Xinjiang, Laoshan in Beijing to Jing ‘an Tomb in Jiangxi, and so on, a series of major textile archaeological discoveries are amazing every time. In view of the limitation of fragile textile cultural relics preservation, Shen Congwen said to the embroidered cotton-padded clothes of the Warring States that we studied and copied: If we can do one thing when it is mature, every little makes a mickle, and it will be the "China Costume Museum" with a house on display. He also reported this idea to China Academy of Social Sciences and National Cultural Heritage Administration, but for various reasons, Shen Congwen and Mr. Wang failed to do so.

In the prosperous times, it will be a great event and a good deed to set up China Costume Museum. If people of insight unite with experts and scholars in the fields of archaeology, cultural preservation and textile, and combine with technical groups who have mastered traditional textile skills, on the basis of the research results and planning of the older generation of experts and scholars, and use the method of experimental archaeology to reproduce the true meaning of China’s costumes in a planned way, it should be the development direction and important measure of China’s costume culture to create a China costume museum integrating research, protection and inheritance.

China clothing museum should include the following functions:

1, textile archaeological excavation research and protection (to cooperate with qualified units), all kinds of textile processing technology research, protection and inheritance;

2. Holding an exhibition of textile archaeological discoveries;

3. Widely collect, protect and exhibit ancient textile cultural relics scattered in society;

4. On the basis of scientific research, high-level reproduction of fine clothing and cultural relics of past dynasties;

5, textile machinery (silk, twill, yee, brocade, velvet, satin, silk, makeup) into the display;

6. Printing and dyeing process (three series of plants, minerals and animals);

7. Silkworm reeling (simulated display);

8. Embroidery technology (process evolution and local characteristics);

9. Accessories (crown, boots and shoes, jewelry, quilt, accessories).

In a hurry for decades, Hua Fa is gray, recycled to the evening, and persisted with only a little persistence. Fortunately, I can say that I have a clear conscience about Mr. Shen. On the one hand, the research on China clothing initiated by Mr. Shen is advancing, and the spirit of Mr. Shen’s experimental archaeology has not been extinguished, and it is still quietly carried forward; On the other hand, through continuous efforts, Mr. Shen’s research has injected a lot of fresh blood and passed on in an orderly way. A young team of ancient textile protection research has basically matured and is growing day by day.

(Lecture draft finishing: Qin Chaochao)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, May 21st (Reporter Guo Dan) According to a report in Japan’s Nagasaki News on the 21st, a large number of people gathered near the US military base in sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan on the 20th to strongly protest against the docking of the US Navy’s nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Nimitz at a Japanese port.

　　This activity was organized by Nagasaki Peace Center. On the same day, about 350 Japanese people participated in the protests. Holding the sign of "opposing the docking of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers", they shouted slogans such as "opposing the military use of ports" and "opposing the military integration between Japan and the United States" at the US naval base.

　　According to Japanese media reports, in addition to this protest, the Nagasaki Prefecture Trade Union and others also set up the "Local Struggle Headquarters for Preventing Nuclear Ships from Docking at the Port", and held a sit-in demonstration in a park in Sasebo every evening from the 19th. The activity will last until the 22nd.

　　The "Nimitz" nuclear-powered aircraft carrier has been docked at the American ship base in Sasebo since the 19th. This is nine years after the US Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier George Washington docked at this port in August 2014.

　　At the fantastic opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, amazing scenes aroused people’s full enthusiasm for exploration. Zhang Yimou, the general director, has become the focus of various media.

　　The array, the "big footprint", the five rings, the painting axis … How are these presented? What are the stories behind it? Under the media’s questioning, these once highly confidential secrets were unveiled one by one.

　　Why use the array to count down?

　　A dazzling skylight activated the ancient sundial in the "Bird’s Nest". The strong light reflection of the sundial ignited the "sundial array" again. With the rhythm of light waves, 2008 strong men dressed in silver waved down … "Knock, knock, knock", and the words 60, 50, 40, 30 and 20 flashed on the glowing surface in the rhythm of rolling thunder. Finally, the countdown to the last 10 seconds flashed dreamily. Fireworks rose and the crowd was excited. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games kicked off with loud drums and loud cheers.

　　Zhang Yimou said that as the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the countdown is very important. He said that the countdown to the previous Olympic Games was basically a way of playing short films and then cooperating with fireworks. "But we want to innovate." So, he moved the performance of striking the scales forward, put a luminous body on the scales, made the sundial activated by the light from outside, and then let the reflected light of the sundial trigger the striking, "conveying a concept of time".

　　It is understood that the success of the array lies not in technology, but in the people who attack it. In 2008, it is very difficult to achieve a very precise degree, uniform movements and organic occlusion of images. In the performance, we can see that the arms of 2008 actors are raised at the same time, and they are all on a horizontal line from any angle.

　　All these participants came from the Beijing Military Region and the Armed Police Corps, and they had a long drill. In order to achieve uniformity, sometimes it is even necessary to pull up the rope along the position where the soldiers raise their arms to determine the height and angle of the arms.

　　The "big footprint" came like this.

　　On the evening of the 8th, an invisible giant strode from Yongding River in the south of Beijing to the Bird’s Nest along the central axis of ancient Beijing, leaving a "big footprint" full of China’s freehand brushwork, which shocked all the audience.

　　Zhang Yimou, the general director, believes that the "big footprint" is one of the biggest highlights of the opening ceremony.

　　Cai Guoqiang, the chief designer of visual arts and fireworks for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games, said that the "Big Footprint" adopted the chamber pressure launching technology, which can adjust the pressure and control the level of fireworks. The "Big Footprint" fireworks came from 15 kilometers away at an accurate pace every two seconds. This process adopted a new technology of digitally controlled ignition, which can control the error to several milliseconds. When the twenty-ninth "footprint" went over the "Bird’s Nest", there was no time error.

　　Wang Ning, director of the Beijing Olympic Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies Operation Center, said that the "big footprint" is the most complete idea from the beginning to the end, but the number of footprints has changed.

　　29 "footprints", representing the history of the 29th Olympic Games, came to Beijing and the "Bird’s Nest" step by step.

　　How the Olympic rings rise like a dream

　　When the "big footprint" bloomed over the "Bird’s Nest", countless little stars floated lightly into the "Bird’s Nest" in the sky. With the little stars falling, several "flying stars" fell from the sky, and the "little stars" falling on the field miraculously gradually gathered together and became the silver Olympic rings.

　　The most surprising thing is that the "flying sky" floating down from the sky actually lifted the Olympic rings slowly from the ground, making them magically suspended in front of more than 100,000 live audiences. Then, the Olympic rings gradually disappeared in the night sky, like ice melting in water.

　　It is understood that in order to present this magical effect, technicians first made a giant net made of steel wires, and then welded more than 45,000 light-emitting diodes on the steel wire net according to the layout of the five rings. When these lights emit white light, they present the dazzling five rings that the audience saw.

　　And this net was placed in the middle of the field in advance. When the program started, all the lights were dimmed. With the music playing, the giant display screen in the center of the stage slowly showed the pattern of the Olympic rings, which completely coincided with the pattern of the five rings on the wire net. Then, the steel wire slowly pulled up the steel wire net with the music, and the light-emitting diodes on the net also lit up. At the same time, the five-ring pattern on the display screen disappeared, so it seemed that the Olympic rings were magically lifted from the ground into the air.

　　How does the huge scroll unfold?

　　When the huge scroll on the ground slowly unfolded, the audience was shocked. "The legacy of ancient times", four great inventions, Chinese characters, traditional operas, the Silk Road and the Great Wall are magically displayed on this huge scroll in turn.

　　Zhang Yimou introduced that this huge scroll is actually a huge LED screen with a length of 147 meters and a width of 27 meters. The reason why this scroll is adopted is because "we especially want to find a cultural symbol of China, and everyone likes the freehand brushwork and romance of China traditional Chinese painting. We want to magically open the picture scroll on the venue, crystal clear and beautiful. "

　　He said that the unfolding of the scroll is relatively simple, that is, when it is shown on the big screen on the ground, it is shown in sections bit by bit, and the two scrolls are engaged with it and rotate, and after close cooperation, the scene of opening the scroll is formed.

　　He said, compared with technology, it is more difficult to choose the content on the scroll, because China has a long cultural origin of 5,000 years, which is very important. "Our team set a purpose and chose the most representative one. For example, China’s four great inventions and the Silk Road. "

　　Why didn’t you choose Feng Haichao for ignition?

　　The most striking ignition ceremony began. When Sun Jinfang lit the torch in Li Ning’s hand, Li Ning raised the torch and flew into the sky under the traction of steel cables. In this way, Li Ning led hundreds of millions of people to run, until the main torch was finally lit, and the atmosphere at the scene was burned to boiling point.

　　Lighting the main torch is the biggest suspense in the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games. Zhang Yimou said that the way to light the main torch is the most important issue for his team.

　　Among them, there is a phoenix ignition. Zhang Yimou said that this ignition method was once the focus of their discussion, but the International Olympic Committee stipulated that the final ignition must be done by athletes. "If we are the Phoenix, the Phoenix will be the eighth best.".

　　He revealed that in addition to Li Ning, the candidates also included Xu Haifeng and Xiong Ni, "Li Ning has done a very good job".

　　How to choose Milk Lin and Lin Hao?

　　At the opening ceremony, a lovely girl in a red skirt "sang the motherland" with a tender voice, which attracted people’s attention. Who is this little girl? How was she chosen?

　　Zhang Yimou said that the little girl’s name is Milk Lin. "Because of this link, we found children from 56 ethnic groups across the country to escort the national flag to rise. According to the characteristics of Milk Lin, our music director specially produced a lyrical version of "Singing the Motherland", which is different from what you usually hear, very lyrical and beautiful. He said that every rehearsal, he listened to Milk Lin sing "Singing the Motherland" and was sincerely moved by it.

　　Like Milk Lin, people are curious about the little boy around Yao Ming, the standard-bearer. Zhang Yimou revealed that the little boy’s name is Lin Hao, and he comes from the Sichuan earthquake-stricken area.

　　Zhang Yimou said that after the Sichuan earthquake, all members of the opening ceremony team felt that earthquake relief should be used in the opening ceremony. "Lin Hao was recommended locally in Sichuan. At that time, several little heroes were recommended. We chose him because he was very small and cute. We think it’s very interesting that he, a little guy, is with Yao Ming, a big guy, and he is a giant with our future. ". (Reporter Ye Tieqiao)

Editor: Li Dan

　　On January 20th, the National Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Relief Committee Office and the Emergency Management Department released the basic situation of China’s national natural disasters in 2023 and the top ten natural disasters in 2023 after consultation and evaluation by the relevant member units.

　　In 2023, floods, typhoons, earthquakes and geological disasters are the main natural disasters in China.

　　In 2023, floods, typhoons, earthquakes and geological disasters are the main natural disasters in China, and droughts, wind and hail, low-temperature freezing and snow disasters, sandstorms and forest and grassland fires also occur to varying degrees. In the whole year, various natural disasters caused 95.444 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 691 people died and disappeared due to disasters, and 3.344 million people were resettled urgently; 209,000 houses collapsed, with 623,000 seriously damaged and 1.441 million generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 10539.3 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 345.45 billion yuan. Compared with the average value in the past five years, the number of people affected, the number of people missing due to disasters and the area affected by crops decreased by 24.4%, 2.8% and 37.2% respectively, while the number of houses collapsed and direct economic losses increased by 96.9% and 12.6% respectively.

　　The main features of national natural disasters in 2023 are:

　　one

　　The distribution of natural disasters in China is uneven in time and space, and the pattern of "emphasizing the north and neglecting the south" is obvious.

　　From January to March, except for the drought in southwest China in winter and spring and the major avalanche disaster in Linzhi, Xizang, the disaster situation in the whole country was relatively stable. In early summer, continuous rainy weather occurred in Henan and other places, which adversely affected the summer harvest. In the main flood season, super typhoon "Du Surui", catastrophic flood in Haihe River basin and severe rainstorm and flood in Songliao River basin occurred one after another. In mid-December, low-temperature rain, snow and freezing disasters occurred in Shanxi and other places, which had a great impact on people’s production and life. On December 18, the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province with a magnitude of 6.2 caused heavy casualties in Gansu and Qinghai provinces. The number of houses collapsed in the north and south accounted for 92.2% and 7.8% of the total losses in China, respectively, and the direct economic losses accounted for 73.7% and 26.3% respectively.

　　2

　　North China and Northeast China suffered from severe storms and floods, and local geological disasters of mountain torrents suddenly occurred.

　　In 2023, the national average precipitation was 612.9 mm, 3.9% less than normal, and there were 35 regional rainstorms. From the end of May to the beginning of June, there was a large-scale continuous rainy weather in Henan, which overlapped with the mature harvest period of wheat, causing a large range of crops to be affected. During the "Seven Downs and Eight Ups" period, under the influence of the residual cloud system of Typhoon Du Surui, extreme rainstorms occurred in North China and Northeast China, and basin-wide floods occurred in Haihe River, causing heavy casualties and property losses in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and serious flood disasters occurred in Songhua River basin, causing serious disasters in Heilongjiang and Jilin. The geological disasters of mountain torrents in the southwest and northwest are scattered at many points, with heavy casualties in Sichuan, Chongqing and Shaanxi. In the whole year, the flood disaster caused 52.789 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 309 people died and disappeared, 130,000 houses collapsed, and the direct economic loss was 244.57 billion yuan. In addition, there are 3666 geological disasters such as landslides, collapses and mudslides in China, and the disaster level is mainly small, mainly in North China and Southwest China.

　　three

　　The number of typhoons and landings is small, and the landing intensity is strong, which brings many extreme rainfalls.

　　In 2023, there were 17 typhoons in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea, which were significantly less than normal, and 6 of them landed in China, which was slightly less than normal. Typhoon "Du Surui" brought heavy rain to Zhejiang and Fujian during its landing, causing local flash floods and waterlogging in some cities. After landing, the circulation was maintained on land for a long time, resulting in extremely heavy rainfall in North China, Huanghuai, Northeast China and other places, causing serious storms and floods; When Typhoon Sura landed, with the cooperation of cold air, it brought large-scale heavy rain to Guangdong and Guangxi. After the typhoon "Anemone" landed, the residual vortex affected South China for a long time, and the precipitation in Fujian and Guangdong exceeded the historical extreme. In 2023, typhoon disasters caused 11.316 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 12 people died and disappeared, more than 7,000 houses collapsed, and the direct economic loss was 47.49 billion yuan.

　　four

　　The moderate and strong earthquakes in mainland China are obviously weak, and the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province has caused great losses.

　　In 2023, there were 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or above in mainland China, which was significantly lower than the average annual level over the years, including 2 earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or above, which was also lower than the average annual level over the years. The 5.5-magnitude earthquake in Shandong Plain caused damage to more than 2,900 houses and some infrastructure, resulting in a direct economic loss of 240 million yuan. The Jishishan 6.2 earthquake in Gansu province caused 151 deaths, 983 injuries, 70,000 houses collapsed, 99,000 houses were seriously damaged, 252,000 houses were generally damaged, and the direct economic loss was 14.612 billion yuan.

　　five

　　Staged droughts have occurred in southwest, north and northwest, and the overall disaster situation is lighter than normal.

　　In 2023, there were successive droughts in winter and spring in southwest China, summer drought in northern China and summer drought in northwest China, and the disaster situation was generally light. At the beginning of the year, there was less precipitation in most parts of southwest China, especially in Yunnan, where the average precipitation from January to May was 50% less than normal. From May to June, there are many high-temperature processes in North China and Huanghuai, which are extremely significant, and the precipitation in the northeast and west is 20-30% less. From June to August, precipitation and river inflow in western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, most of Gansu and southern Qinghai are less, and there are temporary difficulties in drinking water for people and livestock and agricultural irrigation in some areas. In 2023, the drought disaster caused 20.974 million people to be affected to varying degrees, the affected area of crops was 38.037 thousand hectares, and the direct economic loss was 20.55 billion yuan.

　　six

　　Wind and hail disasters are scattered at many points, and Jiangsu and other places are affected by strong convective weather.

　　In 2023, there were 33 strong convective weather processes in China, and the average value in the same period in the last five years was less, mainly in spring and summer. There are more than 1,100 counties (cities, districts) affected by wind and hail disasters in China, which are widely distributed in North China, Huanghuai, Northwest China and Southwest China. A total of 26 tornadoes were observed and recorded in the whole year, including 9 strong tornadoes, which was significantly higher than the average number for many years. Tornado disasters in Yancheng, Suqian, Nantong and other places in Jiangsu killed 14 people. In 2023, wind and hail disasters caused 6.053 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 57 people died, the affected area of crops was 11.745 thousand hectares, and the direct economic loss was 11.73 billion yuan. In addition, there were 17 sandstorms affecting China throughout the year.

　　seven

　　Northeast China and North China suffered from low-temperature freezing and snow disasters, and Linzhi, Xizang suffered a serious avalanche disaster

　　In 2023, the whole country was affected by 31 cold air processes, including 8 cold wave processes. On November 5-7 and 21-24, the intensity of cold air reached a cold wave, and heavy snowfall occurred in Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. From December 13th to 16th, the intensity of cold air reached a strong cold wave, and the daily minimum temperature of 18 stations in Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing and Tianjin fell below the historical extreme value since the station was established in December, and there was a large range of rain and snow in the central region, which caused disasters in Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Henan. In addition, on January 17th, an avalanche occurred on Paimo Highway in Linzhi, Xizang, killing 28 people, making it the deadliest avalanche disaster in China in recent years. In 2023, low-temperature freezing and snowstorm caused 3.225 million people to be affected in different degrees, 30 people died, the affected area of crops was 5.192 thousand hectares, and the direct economic loss was 4.92 billion yuan.

　　eight

　　Forest and grassland fires started at several historical lows, and the situation was generally stable.

　　In 2023, there were 328 forest fires in China, mainly in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces (regions), and two people died as a result of the disaster. There were 15 grassland fires, mainly in Inner Mongolia, and one person died. The number of forest and grassland fires is at a historical low level, and the average number of forest and grassland fires has decreased by 77.5% and 46.8% respectively in recent five years.

　　Top Ten Natural Disasters in China in 2023

　　After consultation and evaluation by the relevant member units of the National Committee for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Relief, the top ten natural disasters in China in 2023 are as follows (in order of disaster occurrence time):

　　one

　　On January 17th, Xizang Linzhi Paimo Highway avalanche.

　　At about 19: 50 on January 17th, an avalanche occurred at the exit of Duoxiongla Tunnel on the highway from Paizhen, Milin County, Linzhi City, Xizang (in the direction of Medog), and some vehicles and personnel were buried, resulting in 28 deaths.

　　2

　　Rainstorms, floods and geological disasters in Chongqing at the end of June and the beginning of July

　　From the end of June to the beginning of July, some areas in Chongqing were hit by heavy rainfall, which caused floods and geological disasters, causing 358,000 people in 27 counties (districts) such as Wanzhou, Wushan, Wuxi, Shizhu and Qijiang to be affected to varying degrees, 25 people died and disappeared due to the disaster, and 18,000 people were urgently transferred and resettled; More than 600 houses collapsed, more than 700 houses were seriously damaged, and more than 1,800 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 22.8 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 1.31 billion yuan.

　　three

　　No.5 typhoon "Du Surui" in 2023

　　The No.5 typhoon "Du Surui" in 2023 landed on the coast of Jinjiang, Fujian at around 9: 55 on July 28th, which was the strongest typhoon landing in Chinese mainland in 2023 and the second strongest typhoon landing in Fujian since 1949. There are 8-10 gusts in parts of eastern Fujian and eastern Zhejiang, and the local level is 11-16; The daily precipitation of five national meteorological observation stations in Quanzhou, Putian and Fuzhou in Fujian has exceeded the historical extreme. The typhoon caused 2.95 million people in Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces to be affected to varying degrees, and 263,000 people were urgently transferred and resettled; More than 3,500 houses collapsed, more than 4,500 houses were seriously damaged, and 17,000 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 42 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 14.95 billion yuan.

　　four

　　Rainstorms and floods in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei at the end of July and the beginning of August.

　　At the end of July and the beginning of August, affected by the residual circulation of Typhoon Du Surui, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and other places suffered from extremely heavy rainfall, causing severe storms, floods, landslides, mudslides and other disasters, causing 5.512 million people in Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin to be affected to varying degrees, 107 people died and disappeared due to the disaster, and 1.434 million people were resettled; 104,000 houses collapsed, 459,000 houses were seriously damaged, and 775,000 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 416.1 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 165.79 billion yuan.

　　five

　　Rainstorm and flood disaster in Northeast China in early August

　　At the beginning of August, affected by the superposition of typhoon residual cloud system northward and westerly trough, heavy rainfall occurred in many places in Northeast China, causing floods. Caused 1.194 million people in Heilongjiang and Jilin to be affected to varying degrees, 47 people died and disappeared due to the disaster, and 404,000 people were urgently transferred and resettled; 18,000 houses collapsed, 26,000 houses were seriously damaged, and 74,000 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 544.1 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 21.52 billion yuan.

　　six

　　"8.11" Mountain torrents and mudslides in Chang ‘an District, Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province

　　On August 11th, a sudden flash flood and debris flow disaster occurred in Jiwozi Formation, Wuziping Village, Luanzhen Street, Chang ‘an District, Xi ‘an City, Shaanxi Province, causing 27 deaths and missing.

　　seven

　　The "8.21" flash flood disaster in Jinyang, Sichuan.

　　In the early morning of August 21st, Jinyang County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, was affected by short-term heavy rainfall, and a sudden flash flood and debris flow disaster destroyed the resident of the steel bar processing plant of the JN1 bid section project department of Yanjiang Expressway, causing 52 deaths and missing.

　　eight

　　Typhoon No.11 "Anemone" in 2023

　　The 11th typhoon "Anemone" in 2023 landed on the coast of Dongshan County, Fujian Province and Raoping County, Guangdong Province at 5: 20 and 6: 45 on September 5. "Anemone" circulation and residual vortex have a long influence time. In Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other places, 17 stations have exceeded the historical extreme value in September, and 6 stations have exceeded the historical extreme value. Urban and rural waterlogging and geological disasters have occurred in many places in Fujian and Guangdong, and over 70 small and medium-sized rivers have been flooded, and over-protected floods have occurred in Mulan and Lanxi, Fujian. The typhoon disaster caused 3.12 million people in Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces to be affected to varying degrees, 6 people died and 177,000 people were resettled. More than 2,600 houses collapsed, nearly 2,300 houses were seriously damaged, and more than 5,000 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 66.5 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 16.66 billion yuan.

　　nine

　　Wind and hail disasters in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in mid-September

　　From September 19 to 20, strong convective weather occurred in Yancheng and Suqian, Jiangsu Province, and local tornadoes caused wind and hail disasters. The disaster caused 20,000 people to be affected to varying degrees, and 10 people died due to the disaster. More than 500 houses collapsed, more than 1,600 houses were seriously damaged and 12,000 houses were generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 1.2 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 480 million yuan.

　　10

　　Jishishan M6.2 Earthquake in Gansu Province

　　At 23: 59 on December 18th, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred in Jishishan County, Linxia, Gansu Province, with a focal depth of 10 kilometers, causing 772,000 people in Gansu and Qinghai provinces to be affected to varying degrees, with 151 people killed and 983 injured. 70,000 houses collapsed, 99,000 houses were seriously damaged, and 252,000 houses were generally damaged; The direct economic loss was 14.612 billion yuan.

　　(CCTV reporter Zhao Yuxi)

　　BEIJING, Beijing, March 12 (Liu Huan) In recent years, a variety of new occupations have sprung up. Attendant, doll restorer, pet health care worker … … The vigorous development of digital economy has not only profoundly changed people’s working conditions and working methods, but also spawned some new employment forms.

　　Working hours and places are flexible, and the work content is diverse. While new occupations attract many people, the labor rights and interests of practitioners and industry norms are also concerned. During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress in 2023, how to provide more adequate protection for workers with new employment forms has become one of the hot topics in society.

　　New employment form, where is the "new"?

　　Compared with the traditional mode of production, the new employment mode has flexible working hours and places, higher freedom, and a series of services are mostly carried out by means of the Internet. Practitioners can realize long-distance real-time communication with customers, companies and so on online, which breaks the limitation of time and space under the traditional production mode.

　　At the same time, with the improvement of social demand for consumption and quality of life, the work content of new occupations is also diversified.

　　For example, the needs of people’s livelihood in the fields of pension, vocational education, ice and snow sports have spawned new occupations, and promoted the emergence of occupations such as accompanying doctors, curriculum planners, career planners, and beauty teachers. The maturing pet industry chain has spawned occupations such as pet dieters, pet bakers and pet health care workers.

　　In addition, the younger generation’s niche hobbies, such as Chaowan, have gradually developed into mass industries, and at the same time, occupations such as Chaowan designers, doll restorers and graffiti artists have become active on the Internet platform.

　　According to statistics, from 2012 to 2021, the scale of China’s digital economy increased from 11 trillion yuan to 45.5 trillion yuan, and the proportion of digital economy in GDP increased from 21.6% to 39.8%. In 2021, there were about 84 million workers in new employment forms relying on the Internet platform, and more than 200 million flexible employees.

　　In this regard, Xiang Jing, an associate researcher at the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, told Zhongxin.com that with the development of social economy and the iteration of new technologies, the emergence of a large number of new occupations is an inevitable trend of the development of the labor market. At the same time, the increasing demand of the public for personalized service also provides opportunities for the development of new occupations.

　　"Compared with traditional occupations, practitioners in the new employment form are more social and interactive. They value personal interests and employment satisfaction, and the services and goods they provide are more personalized." Xiang Jing said.

　　Problems such as labor relations and industry access need to be solved urgently.

　　During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress in 2023, Cao Peng, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and president of jingdong cloud Business Department, said that the definition of employment relationship among new employment groups is still unclear, which led to a series of problems such as labor disputes and untimely payment of social security.

　　Gao Jiana, a lawyer of Beijing Fazheng Anbang Law Firm, told Zhongxin.com that because of the flexibility and mobility of their work, most of the new employment groups sign labor contracts with employers and institutions, and there are difficulties in defining labor relations.

　　She explained that both sides of labor relations are "employers" and "laborers". The determination of labor relations needs to meet three conditions:

　　First, employers and workers meet the subject qualifications stipulated by laws and regulations.

　　Second, the rules and regulations formulated by the employer are applicable to the workers, and the workers accept the labor management of the employer.

　　Third, the labor provided by the laborer belongs to the business component of the employer.

　　The determination of specific labor relations also needs to comprehensively consider whether the two sides have the intention to establish labor relations with reference to social security, wages, written contracts and other situations.

　　Gao Jiana said that for the new employment form group, there are more disputes for work-related injury compensation. Because the income source of this kind of group is unstable, it is difficult for them to get paid through labor in a short time after an accident.

　　In addition, the access rules of new professional industries also need to be clarified. Xiang Jing pointed out that traditional vocational technical certification, especially the technical certification of high-end occupations, is often highly related to academic background. With the development of internet technology, it is easier to acquire knowledge and wider knowledge, which weakens the correlation between vocational and technical certification and academic background to some extent.

　　"The technical identification of new occupations should meet the professional knowledge, and at the same time, due to the personalized improvement of its services, it is necessary to increase consumer evaluation. Under such circumstances, the identification of new occupations needs to have both technical skills standards and protect consumer rights. " Xiang Jing said.

　　Official: support the construction of odd jobs market and implement the policy of protecting the rights and interests of workers in new employment forms.

　　Jin Weigang, vice-president of China Social Security Society and vice-president of National Institution Research Institute of Zhejiang University, pointed out that the current relevant systems and policies have not adapted to the rapid development of new employment forms, and the social security rights and interests of employees in new employment forms also need attention.

　　"On the one hand, there is no traditional labor relationship between practitioners of new employment forms and related platforms. Platform enterprises think that they are not employees of their own enterprises and do not need to bear the responsibility and obligation of participating in insurance payment for them. On the other hand, such personnel can accept the business assigned by multiple platform enterprises at the same time. This has led to a complicated relationship between employees in new employment forms and platform enterprises, and it is inconvenient to participate in social insurance for urban employees. "

　　In this regard, he believes that it is necessary to improve the management methods of social security management, and appropriately separate the social insurance relationship from the labor relationship. Even if it is inconvenient to clarify the labor relationship between platform enterprises and employees with new employment forms, both parties should bear the responsibility of participating in insurance payment, and reasonably determine the payment rate and base, so as to bring employees with new employment forms into the social security system for employees and enjoy social security fairly according to law.

　　On March 4th, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference Federation of Trade Unions submitted a proposal to the 14th session of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference — — Proposal on strengthening the protection of workers’ rights and interests in new employment forms and promoting the high-quality development of digital economy.

　　The proposal puts forward that a complete and accurate social support system and supporting measures for new employment forms should be built as soon as possible, and relevant laws such as labor law, labor contract law and social insurance law should be revised and improved in a timely manner, and the reform of the current social security system should be intensified to establish a highly adaptable, flexible and feasible social security system with the employment mode of the Internet platform.

　　Wang Xiaoping, Minister of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China, also said recently that he would support the construction of odd jobs market and implement the policy of protecting the rights and interests of workers in new employment forms. (End)

Cctv news(News Network): In the past few days, Henan has made every effort to prevent floods and rescue disasters and speed up the restoration of production and living order.

Today (July 25th), the communication base station in the main city of Zhengzhou was fully restored, and the emergency repair work began to expand to suburban areas. Power repair is also stepping up. At present, 301 of 473 communities with more than 200 households in Zhengzhou have been electrified due to disasters.

In Mihe Town, gongyi city, the reporter saw that five of the 19 bridges destroyed by floods had been robbed. At the same time, in order to ensure people’s basic water use, local pipelines were laid to connect with nearby water plants, and nine temporary water intake points were set up in major streets.

In the past few days, the local Party committee and government have not only distributed mineral water to residents, but also organized fire departments, health departments and other departments to use large water storage vehicles to deliver domestic water to the people twice a day in the morning and afternoon.

In order to prevent "a major epidemic after a major disaster", Zhengzhou City has organized more than 15,000 professionals to carry out disinfection, and Xinxiang City has carried out health and epidemic prevention work while dredging the area where accumulated water has receded. The reporter saw in Ziyu Community of Chengcheng Community that the community carried out all-round disinfection of the community twice a day.

In Jia Luhe District, Zhoukou City, Henan Province, in order to ensure the safety of the local people, the local people were quickly transferred, and the power, medical and communication teams ensured the life of the people in the resettlement sites 24 hours a day.

At present, 310 of the 339 bus lines in Zhengzhou City have been restored, and the whole bus line in Hebi City has been restored. The entire province’s expressway has been opened to traffic.

The National Defense General Working Group went to Zhengzhou City, Hebi City and Anyang City in Henan Province to guide flood control and disaster relief work.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs urgently dispatched four expert guidance groups to go deep into the disaster-stricken areas to observe the occurrence of crop disasters, study and put forward countermeasures for prevention and mitigation, and promote the implementation of key technologies.

　　Core reading

　　Understanding and grasping the internal logic of the five strategic advantages will help us to make full use of the strategic advantages, effectively deal with difficulties and challenges, keep the economy running in a reasonable range, and achieve the set goals.

　　During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress this year, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly expounded the strategic advantages of China’s development from five aspects: the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the remarkable advantages of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, the solid foundation for sustained and rapid development and accumulation, the long-term stable social environment, and the spiritual strength of self-confidence. It is of great significance to deeply understand and grasp the historical logic, theoretical logic and realistic logic contained in these five strategic advantages for us to effectively deal with the difficulties and challenges faced by current economic development under the background of the interwoven changes in the past century and the epidemic situation in the century, and for comprehensively promoting socialist modernization and smoothly realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　On strategic advantages from the perspective of historical logic

　　From the historical logic, five strategic advantages were created and established by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the historical process of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leading position is the choice of history and people. Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has always regarded seeking happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its initial heart and mission, united and led the people to create great achievements in the new-democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, reform, opening up and socialist modernization, Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era and pushed the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation into an irreversible historical process. History has fully proved that without the Communist Party of China (CPC), there would be no new China and no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s strong leadership has provided a fundamental guarantee for us to calmly deal with various major risk challenges.

　　Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is a scientific system formed by the party uniting and leading the people in long-term practice and exploration. After the founding of New China, the Party United and led the people to complete the socialist revolution, eliminated all exploitation systems, and achieved the most extensive and profound social changes in the history of the Chinese nation. Entering the new era of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, the Party has resolutely promoted the reform of economic system, at the same time, carried out institutional and institutional reforms in political, cultural and social fields, pushed forward the new great project of Party building, successfully created Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and constantly adhered to and developed the vibrant Socialism with Chinese characteristics system in line with contemporary China’s national conditions. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has focused on the long-term governance of the Party and the long-term stability of the country, and made an overall plan to uphold and improve the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, promote the maturity and finalization of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, further consolidate and highlight its institutional advantages, and provide a fundamental guarantee for us to resist risk challenges and improve the efficiency of national governance.

　　Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the strong guarantee of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, the party leaders have completed the industrialization process that developed countries have gone through for hundreds of years in just a few decades, creating a miracle of rapid economic development and long-term social stability that is rare in the world. China’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, national defense strength and comprehensive national strength have been significantly enhanced, and the foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has become more solid; People’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security have been significantly enhanced, the level of social governance has been continuously improved, and society has remained stable for a long time; China people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity have been further stimulated, and their ambition, backbone and confidence have been unprecedentedly enhanced. The party’s heart, army’s heart and people’s hearts are high and inspiring, and their spiritual strength of self-confidence and self-improvement is growing stronger. All these provide us with strategic favorable conditions for coping with various risk challenges, promoting high-quality development and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　On strategic advantages from the perspective of theoretical logic

　　From the perspective of theoretical logic, the five strategic advantages profoundly embody Marxist standpoints and methods, such as strategic thinking, systematic thinking, Marxist material view and the law of mutual change of quality.

　　Reflects the strategic thinking. Strategic thinking is the overall and long-term thinking, the thinking mode of planning and guiding around the overall and long-term major issues, and the important embodiment of Marxist methodology in thinking mode. If a country wants to gain a firm foothold and seek development in the complicated international and domestic situation, it cannot do without strategic thinking. For China, a developing country with the largest population in the world, strategic thinking is even more indispensable. The five strategic advantages are that General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, starting from the overall situation of the cause of the party and the country, stands at the height of coordinating the overall situation of the great rejuvenation strategy of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes in the world in the past century, combines the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of the new development stage, adheres to the problem orientation, respects the law of development, and uses strategic thinking to make an incisive summary of China’s overall, fundamental and long-term competitive advantages, which fully reflects our party’s adherence to and application of the basic methods of Marxism.

　　It embodies systematic thinking. The five strategic advantages refine the strategic advantages of China’s development from multiple dimensions, such as leadership, institutional characteristics, material foundation, social environment and spiritual strength. They are the decoding of the miracle of China’s economic and social development from the perspective of strategic overall situation by using systematic thinking, and also profoundly reveal the root of our continuing to create new and greater miracles.

　　It embodies the Marxist view of matter. Marxism holds that matter determines consciousness, and consciousness reacts on matter. Material determines consciousness, which requires us to insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts. The five strategic advantages are precisely the generalization and summary made from the reality of China’s economic and social development and seeking truth from facts. For example, the solid foundation accumulated by sustained and rapid development and the long-term stable social environment have enhanced the people’s spiritual strength of self-confidence, which in turn has promoted the accumulation of material foundation and the maintenance of a stable social environment.

　　It embodies the law of mutual change of quality. Strategic advantages such as material foundation, social environment and spiritual strength are gradually accumulated and formed. With the continuous strengthening of the Party’s overall leadership and the improvement of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, the material foundation for China’s development has been continuously consolidated, the social environment has been stable for a long time, and spiritual strength has been continuously gathered. The overall, fundamental and long-term strength of China’s economic and social development has been continuously enhanced, which has pushed China’s development into a new stage, changed the main social contradictions, and entered an irreversible historical process to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　On strategic advantages from realistic logic

　　From the perspective of realistic logic, five strategic advantages are the obvious advantages of China’s development in the new era and new journey, and are also the important basis for our party to make a scientific judgment that China’s development is still in an important period of strategic opportunities, and overall opportunities outweigh challenges, which embodies our party’s deepening understanding of the laws of China’s economic and social development.

　　The five strategic advantages are interdependent and dialectically unified, and converge into a powerful force to promote China’s economic and social development, which embodies Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s advantages in road, theory, system and culture, and provides an important source of strength for realizing the country’s prosperity, national rejuvenation and people’s happiness. The party’s strong leadership grasps the direction of progress and condenses the great strength of endeavor; The remarkable advantages of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system guarantee development and progress; The solid foundation of sustained and rapid development has created favorable conditions for high-quality development; Long-term and stable social environment ensures development safety; The spiritual strength of self-confidence and self-improvement strengthens the confidence to move forward. It is precisely because of these five strategic advantages that we will be able to cope with the severe impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 and become the only country among major economies to achieve positive economic growth; In the case of frequent domestic epidemics this year and drastic fluctuations in commodity prices caused by the Ukrainian crisis, the economy started smoothly in the first quarter and prices and employment remained basically stable. Five strategic advantages not only provide a solid foundation for us to create and seize development opportunities, but also enhance our confidence and strength in coping with various risk challenges.

　　Make full use of strategic advantages

　　At present, major new changes have taken place in the international situation, and the task of domestic reform, development and stability is arduous and arduous. In this context, a deep understanding and grasp of the internal logic of the five strategic advantages will help us to make full use of the strategic advantages, effectively deal with difficulties and challenges, keep the economy running in a reasonable range, and achieve the set goals.

　　Strengthen the overall leadership of the Party and uphold and improve the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. The party’s leadership is the fundamental guarantee for doing well the work of the party and the country, and it is also the fundamental political guarantee for calmly coping with various major risks and challenges. Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is an advanced system with distinctive China characteristics, obvious institutional advantages and strong self-improvement ability, and it is the core password of "the rule of China". We should strengthen the Party’s overall leadership, adhere to and improve the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, accelerate the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and better transform the Party’s overall leadership and the remarkable advantages of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system into governance efficiency and a powerful supporting force to cope with the downward pressure on the economy and maintain macroeconomic stability.

　　Grasp the historical initiative and take the road of China. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road is a broad road to create a better life for the people and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but the road ahead cannot be smooth sailing. In the face of all kinds of complicated situations and risk challenges, we must hold our destiny in our own hands, and we must be firm and determined to remain unchanged. We should strengthen Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road confidence, theoretical confidence, institutional confidence and cultural confidence, constantly improve the development level of social productive forces and people’s living standards in China, and make Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road wider and wider. Maintain strategic strength, not be afraid of any risks, not be confused by any interference, concentrate on doing your own thing well, strive to achieve the set goals with the persistence of insisting that Castle Peak will not relax, and unremittingly promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the sober mind of those who walk a hundred miles.

　　Combine the firmness of strategy with the flexibility of strategy. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Strategy and strategy are dialectical and unified, and the firmness of strategy should be combined with the flexibility of strategy." Strategy is to make judgments and decisions from the overall situation, long-term and general trend. The right strategy needs the right strategy to implement. Strategy serves strategy under the guidance of strategy. The more complicated the situation is and the task is arduous, the more flexible it is to maintain the strategy, combine solving specific problems with solving deep-seated contradictions, and realize the dialectical unity of strategic firmness and strategic flexibility. Faced with the current downward pressure on the economy, we must firmly grasp the strategic choice of building a new development pattern to cope with the opportunities and challenges in the new development stage and implement the new development concept, unswervingly deepen the supply-side structural reform, accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and build a strong and resilient national economic circular system; It is also necessary to efficiently coordinate epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, increase macro-policy adjustment, and solidly stabilize the economy.

　　Five strategic advantages are an organic whole of dialectical unity. Among them, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s strong leadership is at the core. Under the strong leadership of the Party, the remarkable advantages of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system have been brought into full play, China’s sustained and rapid development has accumulated a solid foundation, cultivated a long-term stable social environment, and condensed the spiritual strength of self-confidence, which in turn helps to further strengthen the overall leadership of the Party and promote the full play of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s institutional advantages. Making good use of the five strategic advantages will surely enhance the strategic advantages of China’s development and push the Chinese nation towards a great rejuvenation at an unstoppable pace.

　　(The authors are vice president of China Academy of Social Sciences and researcher of Economic Research Institute)

Number of social security card holders in China

Has reached 1.38 billion people

More than 1 billion people have used electronic social security cards at the same time.

Social security is closely related to everyone’s vital interests.

In 2025

The social security field will usher in a series of new changes.

Let’s get to know each other.

Since 2025

Pension insurance for employees increases disability allowance.

On the 18th, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance issued the Interim Measures for Disability Allowance of Basic Old-age Insurance for Enterprise Employees. The method is clear. From January 1, 2025, before the insured person of the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees reaches the statutory retirement age, if they are identified as completely incapacitated due to illness or non-work-related disability, they can apply for receiving monthly disability allowance.

Sickness and disability allowanceMonthly standardandPayment term

according toWhen the insured applies for disability allowance.

Age, cumulative payment periodEqual determination

Monthly standard of disability allowance

When the state uniformly adjusts the basic pension level

synchronization adjustment

Where can I get it?

The insured person receives the disability allowance, and the place to receive the treatment is determined according to the relevant provisions of the national basic old-age insurance relationship transfer.

During the period of receiving disability allowance,

What about my social security?

During the period of receiving disability allowance,No longer payBasic old-age insurance premium.If you continue to work and pay according to the provisions of the state, the disability allowance will be stopped from the next month after the payment is resumed..

How to collect it?

Persons applying for disability allowance should holdThe place where the treatment is received or the last insured place.Labor ability appraisal institutions at or above the prefecture level (divided into districts and cities)MadeAppraisal conclusion of total incapacity to work.

Provincial departments of human resources and social security shall establish a review and appraisal system for the labor ability of recipients of disability allowance,After re-examination, it is not in conformity with the complete loss of working ability.,The disability allowance will be stopped from the next month after the appraisal conclusion is made..

Funds required for disability allowance

Paid by the basic old-age insurance fund

pay attention to

Those who cheat the sick and disabled allowance by fraud, forged certification materials or other means shall be ordered to return by the human and social departments, and the relevant personnel shall be investigated for responsibility in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

Since 2025

Implement a gradual delay in the statutory retirement age

The 11th meeting of the 14th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) voted to adopt the decision of gradually delaying the statutory retirement age. It was decided to officially launch the gradual delayed legal retirement age reform on January 1, 2025.

insist onSmall step adjustment, flexible implementation,

Classified promotion and overall considerationPrinciple of

Implement a gradual delay in the statutory retirement age

　 　 Male employees and female employees whose original legal retirement age is 55 years old are delayed by one month every four months, and gradually delayed to 63 years old and 58 years old respectively;

　 　 The original statutory retirement age for female workers is 50 years old, and the statutory retirement age is delayed by one month every two months, and gradually delayed to 55 years old.

　 　 Unless otherwise stipulated by the state, such provisions shall prevail.

I’m old, but I haven’t reached the minimum payment period. Can I get a pension?

Workers who reach the statutory retirement age but are less than the minimum payment period may, in accordance with the provisions.Achieve the minimum payment period by extending the payment or one-time payment., receive a basic pension on a monthly basis.

How long can it be delayed?

Workers reach the statutory retirement age, and if the unit and the employees reach an agreement through consultation, they can flexibly delay retirement and delay the time.No longer than three years..

Can I retire early?

workers and staffReach the minimum payment periodYou can voluntarily choose flexible early retirement.Ahead of timeNo longer than three years.,And the retirement age shall not be lower than the original statutory retirement age of 50 years old for female employees, 55 years old for male employees and 60 years old for male employees..

warmremind

be engaged inUnderground, high altitude, high temperature,

Extra heavy physical laborwait for

Special jobs stipulated by the state

And inWork at high altitudeEmployees of

eligible

You can apply for early retirement.

　　Although the proportion of "five insurances and one gold" paid by all parts of China is not completely consistent, the proportion paid by most provinces and cities is above 40% of the total wages. Relevant data show that after comparing and analyzing the social security rates of 125 countries, only 11 countries have social security rates over 40%, and they are mainly developed welfare countries.

　　Recently, Ma Kai, Vice Premier of the State Council, said that the current pension insurance payment level is on the high side, and "five insurances and one gold" has accounted for 40% to 50% of the total wages. Such a high payment ratio surprised many citizens: the original salary was less than 60% of the total salary. The destination of the remaining 40% difference has naturally become the object of attention of ordinary wage earners.

　　fact

　　The total deposit rate of five insurances and one gold in Beijing is 66.3%.

　　"Five insurances and one gold" account for 40% to 50% of the total salary. What does this ratio mean? If you are a wage earner, if you work in Beijing, if your monthly salary (including tax) is 6,000 yuan, then your employer will have to pay 10,000 yuan or even 12,000 yuan in real money.

　　The proportion of social security contributions exceeds 40%, which obviously surprises many wage earners. In fact, for many wage earners who have just entered the workplace, it is not clear what "five insurances and one gold" itself is. According to financial experts, the so-called social insurance "five insurances and one gold" specifically refers to five insurances: endowment insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance, and "one gold" housing provident fund. Among them, pension insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance are premiums paid jointly by enterprises and individuals, while industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance are entirely borne by enterprises, and individuals do not need to pay them.

　　Another expert in the industry believes that the scope of social security should also include enterprise annuity. Enterprise annuity, also known as occupational annuity, enterprise pension or employer annuity, refers to a supplementary pension system that is established voluntarily by enterprises according to their own economic strength and situation, in addition to the public pension or national pension system enforced by the government, and provides a certain degree of retirement income protection for their employees. Dong Dengxin, director of Wuhan Social Security Society, said that in developed countries or mature markets, social security for the aged is only the bottom line, and the old-age security that really makes retirees feel safe needs to be supplemented. In foreign capital markets, the biggest contribution is enterprise annuity or occupational annuity rather than public pension. From a macro perspective, enterprise annuity is an indispensable and powerful supplement to social security.

　　As the statutory social welfare of employees, how is the proportion of five insurances and one gold exceeding 40% of wages calculated? It is understood that the determination of social security contribution coefficient is different in different regions and different groups of people. According to the relevant regulations of Beijing, the three types of insurance, namely, endowment insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance, need to be paid by enterprises and individuals, and the proportions are endowment insurance: 20% for enterprises and 8% for individuals; Medical insurance: unit 10%, individual 2%+3 yuan; Unemployment insurance: 1% for units and 0.2% for individuals; Industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance are entirely borne by enterprises, and individuals do not need to pay. The proportions of the two types of insurance are 0.3% and 0.8% respectively. As for the housing provident fund, in 2014, the contribution ratio in Beijing was 12% for each enterprise.

　　It can be seen that the above-mentioned five insurance and one gold enterprises account for 44.1%, individuals for 22.2%, and the total rate is 66.3%.

　　analysis

　　The actual expenditure of the enterprise with a salary of 10,000 yuan before tax is 14,410 yuan.

　　Ma Jinghao, a visiting tutor and accounting expert at Central University of Finance and Economics, took the following case as an example to disassemble the composition details of social security five insurances and one gold. Suppose your pre-tax salary is 10,000 yuan. After deducting all kinds of social insurance and income tax, the monthly salary you can get is 7,454 yuan. The shrinkage of 25% is calculated as follows: for a salary of 10,000 yuan, individuals have to pay 8% of old-age insurance, 2% of medical insurance and 0.2% of unemployment insurance in 3 yuan, making a total of 22.2%, plus 3 yuan, that is, 2,223 yuan. After deducting the tax payment of 322.70 yuan, the remaining 7454.30 yuan.

　　As for your enterprise, the proportion of payment is far more than that of employees. The pre-tax salary of 10,000 yuan, the social security that enterprises need to pay, including pension insurance 20%, medical insurance 10%, unemployment insurance 1%, work injury insurance 0.3%, maternity insurance 0.8% and housing accumulation fund 12%, totaling 44.1%. It can be seen that the amount of social security paid by enterprises is about 4410 yuan.

　　On the whole, you got 7,454 yuan for the pre-tax salary of 10,000 yuan, the actual expenditure of the enterprise was 14,410 yuan, the amount of social security paid by the enterprise was about 4,410 yuan, and the individual paid 2,223 yuan, making a total of 6,633 yuan. Units and individuals paid a total of 6,633 yuan for five insurances and one gold, accounting for 89% of the after-tax salary of 7,454 yuan. The amount that enterprises need to bear is almost twice that of individuals. Ma Jinghao regrets that it is not easy to think of the actual expenses incurred by the enterprise for you when you get your salary.

　　The employer paid 14,410 yuan per month, and the employee got 7,454.30 yuan. Where did the difference between 6955.70 yuan go? In this regard, Ma Jinghao explained with a chart, in which the three insurances paid by the unit were 3,210 yuan and the three insurances paid by the individual were 1,023 yuan, which were turned over to the social security agency; Units to pay, individuals to pay the provident fund of 1200 yuan each, turned over to the provident fund management institutions; Personal income tax of 322.70 shall be turned over to the tax authorities.

　　discrepancy

　　Most employees in small catering industry have no social security.

　　Can all enterprises accept and practice such a high social security contribution ratio? Beijing Youth Daily recently interviewed a number of enterprises about their social security contributions. The results showed that not all enterprises in Beijing paid five insurances and one gold at the same rate of 44.1%, and different enterprises had different payment bases. For many small and micro enterprises, whether they are enterprises or employees, the reality is very skinny, and it is a problem to get five insurances and one gold or not.

　　In a large joint-stock enterprise in Beijing, the reporter of Beiqing Daily got the payroll of a grass-roots employee, with a total salary of 4,860 yuan, deducted insurance premiums of 872.43 yuan, payable taxes of 14.63 yuan, and actually paid 3,972.94 yuan. The staff of the finance department explained that the above payroll actually cannot reflect the social security payment part of the enterprise and the specific contribution ratio of the individual. The payment base of social security is calculated from the average salary of the employee in the previous year. The details of the payment insurance provided in December 2014 showed that the payment ratio of five insurances and one gold was consistent with that stipulated by Beijing, and the total amount paid by enterprises was 44.1%.

　　In another institution in Beijing, the social security personal payment information statement of an employee for four consecutive years from 2010 to 2013 shows that the column of "declared monthly payment salary" has basically shown an upward trend year by year, from 8585 yuan in 2010 to 9873 yuan in 2013. Its social security payment amount is also more than 1,000 yuan, of which the monthly unit payment is 1,974.60 yuan and the individual payment is 789.84 yuan for the pension in the first three months of 2014. From the perspective of payment ratio, the unit contribution ratio is 44.1%, and the individual contribution ratio is 22.2%+3 yuan.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily consulted the staff of its human resources department and learned that the payment standard of five insurances and one gold was also "paid" based on the average monthly salary of the employee in the previous year. However, the staff explained that not all people use the average monthly salary of the previous year as the payment base. According to the regulations of the Beijing Social Security Bureau, the social security payment base in Beijing has an upper limit and a lower limit. In 2014, the upper limit of the social security base was 10% of the average monthly salary of Beijing employees of 5,793 yuan, which is 17,379 yuan. In other words, if the unit exceeds this amount, it will declare and pay social security according to 17379 yuan. The lower limit of social security base, the lower limit of pension and unemployment insurance is 2317 yuan, and the lower limit of other three insurances is 3476 yuan. If it is lower than this amount, social security will be paid according to 2317 yuan and 3476 yuan.

　　The staff of the finance department of a small and medium-sized IT enterprise told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that the social security benefits of its employees are roughly calculated according to the minimum payment base stipulated by Beijing. This is the result of full communication with employees when they join the company. The reason is that the heavy burden of enterprises is part of it. For those employees born after 1980s or even 1990s, they are more concerned about their immediate salary, so they would rather give up the remote and invisible social security and convert part of the amount into the current salary.

　　The boss of a small catering company bluntly said that most of the clerks in the small catering industry have no social security, except for large chains such as "Haidilao". The mobility of employees in this industry is too great, so it is unrealistic for both enterprises and employees to get social security. Some small catering enterprises will buy commercial insurance for their employees instead.

　　Obviously, the embodiment of "social security" is different in different enterprises. Dong Dengxin once said in his certification of Weibo that providing enterprises with five insurances and two gold benefits can distinguish the labor grades in China. (1) Workers with at most five risks must work in small and medium-sized enterprises; (2) Workers who have complete five insurances and one gold must work in large enterprises or listed companies. This kind of employment is also called formal employment or decent work; (3) Workers with rich five insurances and two gold are mostly working in monopoly or profiteering industries.

　　Zhongxin. com, Chengdu, April 23 (Wu Pinghua, Huang Jing) Recently, the Airport Economic Zone Branch of Ziyang Public Security Bureau in Sichuan cracked a case in which 11 people sneaked across the national border. At present, the principal offender Gan was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment and the rest were sentenced to criminal detention ranging from three to six months.

　　In the early morning, cross the mountain and walk for 10 hours to North Myanmar.

　　Back in 2020, a friend found Xiaoqiu (a pseudonym), claiming that there was an opportunity to "make big money" in northern Myanmar. Not only could he stay in a high-end hotel, but he also worked easily, and his monthly income could reach more than 10,000 yuan, including food and shelter. "At that time, my wife happened to be pregnant, and there were many places to use money. I agreed without much thought."

　　In April 2020, under the leadership of Gan, Xiaoqiu and his party flew from Chengdu to Lancang County, Yunnan Province, then arrived in Menglian Dai Lahu and Wa Autonomous County by bus and stayed in a hotel.

　　"After living for about two days, Gan received a phone call saying that it was arranged there." Then several people checked out and took a van to an unknown small village near the border. "It may have been open for more than an hour at that time. By the time I got there, almost 100 people had gathered at the scene." Xiaoqiu recalled.

　　According to the data, Menglian County is located in the southwest of Yunnan Province, connected with Myanmar in the west and south, with a border of 133.399 kilometers, which is an important gateway to Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and Thailand.

　　Luo Lei, the captain of the Criminal Investigation Brigade of the Airport Economic Zone Branch of Ziyang Public Security Bureau, was one of the policemen who detected the case. He mentioned that in order to avoid the border inspection, this group chose to walk the mountain road in the middle of the night to steal the border.

　　Xiaoqiu said that five men found Xiaoqiu and others, claiming to be "guides" to northern Myanmar, and organized personnel to start in batches. "When we set off, it was around 11 pm. At that time, we were told that it would only take half an hour to get there. As a result, we went further and further and never arrived."

　　That night, this team of more than 10 people walked in the dense forest in the dark, climbing up and down the hill and crossing the river all the way, which had already exceeded the initial half an hour, which made Xiaoqiu a little scared. "No lights are allowed, strangers are unfamiliar, and once there is an accident or death, no one is in charge."

　　After more than 10 hours of trembling, Xiaoqiu and his party finally arrived in Bangkang, the capital of the Wa State in Myanmar.

　　Someone at the scene is armed with a gun to guard "making big money", which is actually telecom fraud.

　　After arriving at the "work site", Xiaoqiu found that the so-called "high-class hotel" is actually a courtyard similar to a quadrangle. The courtyard wall is very high and covered with barbed wire, and the gate is specially guarded by guns. The work place is a shed built in the courtyard dam. Several tables are pieced together, and the boss will send a special mobile phone to contact the "customers".

　　On the first day of going in, Xiaoqiu regretted that there were 8 people crowded in a small room. The local temperature was hot and the room had no air conditioning. "I can’t sleep well every night, and I can’t leave if I want to."

　　"The main job of that meeting is to find someone to stock." Xiaoqiu said that he mainly used chat software to pull people into stocks, and pulled people in various QQ groups, WeChat groups and forums. After pulling, some people specially docked.

　　The police investigation found that the gang had a clear division of labor. The "boss" distributed mobile phones and social software specially used for fraud to members, and prepared special fraud books.

　　What Xiaoqiu didn’t expect was that the so-called stock trading software was actually very mysterious. Not only the ups and downs could be controlled in the background, but even if money was made, there was no way to withdraw it. "I will call you to continue to charge money, and you can only withdraw money after the funds reach a certain amount. At this time, you can either charge money or continue to stock, but in either case, the funds in your account will be lost in the end."

　　At that time, Xiaoqiu’s salary composition was a basic salary of 5,000 yuan, and every time he completed a fraud, he could get 5%— 15% commission, "the basic salary is only available in the first month, and the commission will be taken away by 10%— 15%。”

　　After two months, due to poor performance, Xiaoqiu and others were "sold" to a gambling company, and their main job was to attract people.

　　"The so-called gambling is actually telecom fraud." Luo Lei, who has many years of experience in handling cases in northern Myanmar, said that gambling companies usually make a web page or APP, and participants can choose to bet. The odds of each type are different. If you guess, you will get the corresponding bonus. "Generally, you will win some money at the beginning. As the bet gets bigger and bigger, the background will artificially control the results."

　　The person involved in leaving to pay the "ransom" has been arrested.

　　After working in a gambling company for more than two months, Xiaoqiu proposed to return to China because his wife was about to give birth. "I told me at the time that I could go back, but I had to lose money."

　　Xiaoqiu said that if you want to get out, you have to pay not only the smuggling fee, air ticket fee and bus fare, but also the food and shelter promised before, and you have to charge separately. One person will cost about 40,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan. After hearing such a reply, Xiaoqiu, who was in a foreign country, had no money in his pocket, and there was no way. He found Gan to discuss with the people of the gambling company and finally promised to return to China to deal with the relevant matters before he could be exempted from the compensation fee. "The fare I went back was all for my family to turn around."

　　In April 2021, Xiaoqiu was arrested and brought to justice by the public security organs. On the same day, the principal offender Gan and others were also arrested.

　　After a public hearing by the Yanjiang District People’s Court, Gan was sentenced to 2 years in prison and fined 10,000 yuan for organizing others to cross the border. Xiaoqiu and others were sentenced to criminal detention ranging from 3 months to 6 months and fined from 3,000 yuan to 5,000 yuan for the crime of crossing the border.

　　The police reminded that the northern part of Myanmar is not a paradise for "gold rush". In recent years, telecommunication network fraud crimes have been on the rise. With the country’s heavy blow to telecommunication fraud, domestic fraud gangs have moved abroad, especially in northern Myanmar. Because criminal gangs need a large number of "workers" who commit fraud, they attract or directly deceive them with "high-paying recruitment" advertisements. Please be vigilant, go out to work through formal and legal channels, and go through legal entry and exit procedures in accordance with the law to guard against being deceived.