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Building a beautiful China is an important goal of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Comprehensively Promoting the Construction of Beautiful China released in January this year pointed out that to comprehensively promote the construction of beautiful China, we must speed up the green transformation of development mode, emphasizing "strictly controlling the development boundaries of cities and towns and promoting the intensive green development of urban space". New urbanization is the only way to modernization. To build a harmonious and symbiotic modernization between man and nature, we must thoroughly implement the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, lay a good combination of rule of law, market, science and technology and policy, and coordinate the three layouts of production, life and ecology in accordance with the development requirements of "intensive and efficient production space, moderate living space and beautiful ecological space", so as to promote the intensive and green development of urban space and support high-quality development with high-quality ecological environment.

1. Strengthen the protection of the rule of law and improve the urban spatial development planning.

Guarantee the green development of urban space by the rule of law. We must improve the management system of natural resources assets and the control system of land and space use. Urban spatial structure is directly related to the development quality of new urbanization. To promote the intensive green development of urban space, we should put the adjustment of spatial structure in an important position, establish the concept of "smart growth" and "compact city", adhere to intensive development, strengthen the construction of relevant laws, regulations, standards and systems, improve the utilization efficiency of urban construction land, and promote the transformation of urban development from extension expansion to connotation promotion. The urban development boundary is a regional boundary that focuses on urban development and construction, improves urban functions and improves spatial quality, and is an insurmountable red line for adjusting economic structure, planning industrial development and promoting new urbanization. We must strictly implement the relevant requirements of urban development boundaries according to law, make overall arrangements for urban construction land, strictly control new construction land, strictly regulate the whole cycle management of urban development boundaries, increase the vitality of existing sites, and promote high-quality urban development.

Guarantee the green life of urban residents by the rule of law. Urban development should grasp the internal relations among production space, living space and ecological space, and realize intensive and efficient production space, moderate livable living space and beautiful ecological space. A large population and a small land are the basic national conditions of our country. In the process of promoting new urbanization, we must consider the carrying capacity of population, resources and environment as a whole when using land resources, handle the relationship between urban production, life and ecology, optimize the spatial layout of cities by strengthening legislation, and enhance the livability of cities. Scientifically plan the proportion of industrial land and residential land in urban construction land and establish a spatial planning system. When making spatial planning and town planning, we should listen to the opinions of the masses and respect the opinions of experts. After the planning is formed, it must be determined through legislation. Strengthen the popularization of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Law on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes and other laws and regulations, and guide the citizens to consciously resist environmental pollution and ecological destruction, and create a green life together.

Protecting the urban ecological environment by the rule of law. Cities and towns are important carriers of modernization, as well as places with the densest population and the most concentrated pollution discharge. The new urbanization not only pursues economic goals, but also pursues ecological goals, emphasizing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. We must adhere to the rule of law, put the protection of urban ecological environment in a more prominent position, coordinate the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, rivers, fields, lakes, grass and sand, and form a harmonious urban ecological space between man and nature. We will implement the strictest eco-environmental protection system of above-ground and underground, land and sea as a whole, and regional linkage, promote legislative work such as the land and space planning law, and rationally limit economic and social activities in space. Control the intensity of urban development in accordance with the law, delimit the water protection line, green space system line, infrastructure construction control line, historical and cultural protection line, permanent basic farmland and ecological protection red line, promote the compact development of cities and towns and save intensive land, and form a green and low-carbon production and life style and urban construction and operation mode. In-depth implementation of the main functional area strategy, strengthen law enforcement supervision and protection and restoration, to ensure that the function does not decrease, the nature does not change.

2. Give play to the role of the market and release the new vitality of urban spatial development.

Accelerate the construction of a unified national market and promote the intensive development of urban space. China is accelerating the construction of a unified national market, which is an important historical opportunity to further promote the high-quality development of cities and towns. Accelerating the construction of a unified national market can give priority to the construction of regional market integration, scientifically plan the spatial layout of cities and towns, and realize intensive, efficient and green development. Strengthen the power of the central city’s radiation belt, strengthen the construction of innovation cooperation mechanism, break down administrative barriers and market segmentation, break the constraints of industrial development resources and environment, promote the free flow and optimal allocation of production factors, promote the industrial division of labor, industrial integration and park co-construction between towns, and promote the intensive development of urban space through the rational flow and efficient agglomeration of various factors.

Construct a high-level socialist market economic system and promote the green development of urban space. We will improve the system of fiscal, taxation, finance, investment, price policies and environmental standards to support green development, form a market-oriented and sustainable investment mechanism and operation mechanism, promote the innovation of urban development mode and investment and financing mode oriented by ecological environment, and ensure that the scale of financial investment in the field of ecological civilization construction matches the construction tasks. Improve the system and mechanism of strong government leadership, active participation of enterprises and effective market regulation, and better stimulate the enthusiasm of the whole society to participate in green development. Improve the market-oriented allocation system of resources and environmental factors, improve the green total factor productivity including resources and environmental factors, and guide all kinds of resources to gather in green and low-carbon development. Explore the path to realize the value of ecological products, encourage and support social capital to participate in ecological protection and restoration, vigorously develop green finance, and promote the coordination and unity of urban economic and social development and ecological environmental protection.

Promote the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns. Urban agglomeration is the main spatial carrier of urbanization in a populous country, and it is the main spatial form to carry the development factors and improve the quality of development. It is an objective economic law that industry and population are concentrated in advantageous areas, but the scale of urban units cannot be expanded indefinitely. We should pay attention to the adaptation of urban spatial layout and industrial structure to the carrying capacity of resources and environment, improve the urban agglomeration structure with the central city as the core and surrounding small and medium-sized cities as the support, and solve the problem of dense population and functions in the central city. Give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better play the role of the government, and guide social forces to participate in urban construction, operation and management. Make full use of market means to fill the shortcomings of soft and hard infrastructure, improve the public service level of small and medium-sized cities, and enhance the attractiveness and carrying capacity of small and medium-sized cities for population transfer. Relax market access, encourage social capital to participate in the investment and operation of urban public facilities, ensure the orderly participation and fair competition of various market entities, and promote the coordination of population, economy, resources and environment.

3. Accelerate scientific and technological innovation and activate new kinetic energy of urban spatial development.

Scientific and technological innovation is the core driving force for the green development of urban space. Cities are the core areas of economic development, so we should adhere to the high-quality development path of connotative, intensive and green, take scientific and technological innovation as the driving force and guarantee for adjusting industrial structure and promoting economic and social green and low-carbon transformation, greatly improve the degree of economic green, and promote economic development to achieve effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity. Promote the deep integration of digital and intelligent industries with greening, and vigorously develop strategic emerging industries, high-tech industries, green environmental protection industries and modern service industries with green products, green factories, green industrial parks and green supply chain management as links. Build a market-oriented green technology innovation system, promote the promotion and application of green technology, coordinate the transformation of industrial chain and supply chain, promote the industrialization of green technologies such as energy conservation and environmental protection, new energy and recycling, accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and improve the green development level of urban industries.

Scientific and technological innovation is an important guarantee for green life in cities and towns. China is in a critical period with carbon reduction as the key strategic direction, promoting the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, promoting the overall green transformation of economic and social development, and realizing the improvement of ecological environment quality from quantitative change to qualitative change. We must adhere to the concept of green recycling and low carbon, coordinate the economic needs, living needs and ecological needs of urban layout, and rationally plan urban transportation, energy, water supply and drainage, heating, sewage and garbage disposal and other infrastructure. Optimize the ecological chain of innovation and entrepreneurship, promote the interconnection of infrastructure, combine environmental improvement and redevelopment of existing land, enhance the rationality of urban internal layout, make different functional areas intertwined and organically combined, gradually realize the balance between occupation and residence, and improve the permeability and microcirculation ability of cities and towns. Use cutting-edge technologies such as big data, cloud computing, blockchain and artificial intelligence to promote the construction of new smart towns and realize "technology makes life better".

Scientific and technological innovation is a strong support for urban ecological environment construction. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "the development of ecological civilization is facing increasingly severe environmental pollution, and we need to rely on more and better scientific and technological innovations to build a beautiful China with sky blue, green land and clear water". At present, the foundation of stable and good ecological environment quality in China is still not solid, so it is necessary to strengthen scientific and technological support, promote self-reliance of green and low-carbon science and technology, take tackling climate change and treating new pollutants as key areas of national basic research and scientific and technological innovation, and pay close attention to tackling key core technologies. We will promote the clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient use of urban energy, seize the "bull’s nose" of energy structure transformation to reduce carbon, orderly guide electricity to replace coal and gas to replace coal, encourage the construction of urban buildings with ultra-low energy consumption and near-zero energy consumption, continuously reduce the intensity of carbon emissions, and jointly promote carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening and growth.

4. Improve the policy system and promote the upgrading of urban spatial development.

Form a green spatial pattern of cities and towns. Give full play to the role of policy guidance, focus on optimizing regional division of labor and industrial layout, take the overall planning and utilization of resource elements as the main line, and build a long-term institutional mechanism as the starting point to optimize the urban spatial pattern and development pattern. Combined with the spirit of documents such as "Several Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Establishing Land Spatial Planning System and Supervising its Implementation" and "Technical Guide for Optimizing and Perfecting Main Functional Zones", the regional spatial structure will be considered as a whole, the utilization efficiency of land space will be improved, and the development spatial structure, scale structure and industrial structure that are in line with local reality and reflect resource endowment and cultural characteristics will be formed by combining with the solution of overcapacity and environmental improvement. Promote the recycling transformation of urban industrial parks, and promote the green and low-carbon transformation in the fields of industry, construction and transportation.

Create a green lifestyle in cities and towns. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "efforts should be made to build the city into a beautiful homeland where people and nature coexist harmoniously". Promote the construction of this beautiful city that is green, low-carbon, beautiful environment, ecologically livable, safe, healthy, intelligent and efficient, anchor the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, promote the clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient use of energy, develop distributed energy such as rooftop photovoltaic, promote various clean heating methods such as cogeneration, waste heat heating and heat pump according to local conditions, and implement energy-saving management modes such as contract energy management. Promote the formation of a simple and moderate, green and low-carbon, civilized and healthy life concept and consumption mode. Strengthen publicity, guidance and cultural construction, and widely mobilize parks, enterprises, communities, schools, families and individuals to take active actions, so as to make green travel, water and electricity saving, "CD action" and garbage sorting become habits, and form a social atmosphere in which everyone, everything and everywhere advocate ecological civilization.

Building an ecological civilization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously in cities and towns. Integrate good mountains, water and scenery into the city, so that the water system and green space inside the city can form a complete ecological network with the rivers, lakes, forests and cultivated land outside the city. Consolidate and improve the standardization of urban ecological environment and improve the relevant standards and norms of urban ecological environment protection. Formulate standards for urban ecosystem monitoring, urban ecological restoration, ecological carrying capacity assessment, biodiversity protection, pollution reduction and carbon reduction coordination and other related fields, and persistently fight the tough battle of pollution prevention and control. Construct urban green corridors according to local conditions, create street green spaces, wetlands and country parks, and improve the service function and self-sustaining ability of urban ecosystems. Strengthen the ecological and water environment repair of urban wetlands such as rivers and lakes, strengthen the protection of urban drinking water sources and comprehensive management of groundwater overexploitation to improve water use efficiency. Clarify the technical standards and management procedures for the effectiveness evaluation of urban ecological environment governance, establish a modern ecological environment monitoring system, and carry out urban ecological environment governance evaluation.

(Author: Lu Mingchuan, professor of City College of Zhejiang University, special researcher of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought Research Center of New Era, the supreme leader of Zhejiang Province)

　　In recent years, some officials who have been labeled as "strong officials", "capable officials" and "Confucian officials" have repeatedly been dismissed for suspected crimes. Recently, a research report shows that the crime of accepting bribes by cadres with high academic qualifications and high professional titles presents the phenomenon of "evaluating the excellent" and corruption. Therefore, the corruption of technical expert cadres has aroused social concern and thinking.

　　It is true that putting power in the cage of the system and forming a disciplinary mechanism that "does not dare to rot", a preventive mechanism that "cannot rot" and a guarantee mechanism that "is not easy to rot" are the fundamental solutions. However, the self-restraint mechanism of "unwilling to rot" is also the root of the source. This kind of self-discipline stems from the nourishment of virtue and the cultivation of culture, which is manifested in the persistence of principles and bottom lines and the pursuit of honesty and integrity. For cadres at all levels, especially those technical experts, whether they have this kind of self-restraint ability directly determines their different paths of honesty and greed, success and failure.

　　Historically, for talented people, whether there is virtue or not, whether virtue can nurture and moisten their talents, determines whether they are immortal or immortal. Yan Song, the powerful minister of the Ming Dynasty, was extremely gifted. At the age of 19, he was recruited as a scholar. At the age of 25, he was a rare "genius". However, when he was in power, he ran amok and used power for personal gain. When he copied his home, he found a lot of gold and silver. In Zhuge Liang’s life, his loyalty of "devoting all his efforts to death", his mind of "being indifferent to clear aspirations, being quiet and far-reaching" and his ethics of "keeping private property and leaving nothing behind" have brought his wisdom of serving the country and the people into full play. Therefore, some historians believe that Zhuge Liang’s spiritual character and political strategy are the decisive factors for the weak Shu Han to attack Wei.

　　The sages have said, "It is useless to be smart when doing things perversely", "It is useless to be arrogant, knowledgeable" and "it is useless to be extravagant and extravagant". Comrade Chen Yun said: You can’t do anything without virtue, but you can do bad things without virtue. Ji Jianye, Zhang Shuguang and other fallen horses show that if the official virtue is despicable and the mind is not right, the higher the talent, the more evil thoughts, the stronger the ability, the deeper the corruption, the greater the courage and the more harm. To some extent, those technical expert cadres embarked on the road of corruption, which was also related to valuing talents over morality when they were elected, and relying on talents to the detriment of morality when using power. Then, how can we cultivate people with morality, so as to keep them away from corruption?

　　Not long ago, the central government offered 41 provincial and ministerial officials a "clean government course" to conduct special training on clean government. Learning style is flexible, and the location is not limited to campus. The learning content includes not only theoretical knowledge, but also specific cases, including clean government models and negative teaching materials documentaries. This is undoubtedly an innovation of clean government education. Following this train of thought, we can do more and go further in the education of clean government by moistening our hearts with morality and educating people. As a kind of subtle effort, moral education focuses on making contributions for a long time, but it is difficult to innovate constantly. In fact, this regular "beating" of cadres’ thoughts at all levels is very important, and it is likely that some people will stop at the cliff of corruption at a key node.

　　The way to govern the country is to get people; The way to choose people is to have both ability and political integrity. Pay attention to moral education forging and self-cultivation, and constantly explore moral education paths that reach people’s hearts, so that morality can always moisten their hearts and let literature constantly transform their people. Then, it will become a spiritual agreement that cadres at all levels will abide by if they are innocent and clean.

　　People’s Daily (November 07, 2013, 04 edition)

Accelerate the high-quality development of military education

■ Su Liangbo

President Xi pointed out during the fifth collective study in the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee that we should persist in taking high-quality development as the lifeline of education at all levels and accelerate the construction of a high-quality education system. Military education is an important part of the national education system and the main channel for training military talents, which plays a fundamental, leading and overall role. We must fully implement the policy of military education in the new era, focus on building a new military talent training system, and accelerate the high-quality development of military education.

one

Education is the major plan of the country and the party. In the final analysis, strengthening the country and the army depends on talents and education. With the great journey of high-quality development of national defense and army building, the demand for transformation and upgrading of military education is becoming more and more urgent.

The urgent need to implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era. Talent is the key factor to promote the high-quality development of our army, win military competition and take the initiative in future wars. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has placed the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era in a prominent position in the development of strengthening the army, strengthened the layout of the modernization of military personnel, and made historic achievements in the talent work of our army. But at the same time, we should also be soberly aware that the practical problems such as "two gaps are great", "two abilities are not enough" and "five won’t" are still "obstacles" that need to be solved urgently in preparation for military struggle, and the problem of shortcomings and weaknesses in talent construction is still outstanding. We must accelerate the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of military talents’ ability and quality, structural layout and development management with high-quality military education, and promote the overall level of our military talent team construction to make a big leap to support the full implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army through talents.

An important embodiment of comprehensively implementing the military education policy in the new era. Where is the demand for talents preparing for war, the direction of military education should point to. In the new era, our army’s construction is accelerating the transformation to quality, efficiency and technology-intensive, which puts forward higher requirements for training military talents and running military education well. President Xi had a profound insight into the general trend of the times, accurately grasped the orientation, development law and distinctive features of military education, and historically put forward the military education policy in the new era, which set up a general program, general guidance and general compliance for military education in the new era. To fully implement the military education policy in the new era, we must clearly understand the profound changes in the external environment and internal conditions of our army’s construction, actively explore the laws of military education and the growth of military talents, deepen the reform and innovation of military education, fill in the shortcomings and weaknesses of military education in terms of resource allocation, institutional mechanisms and team building, and push military education to truly embark on the connotative development path with improving quality as the core.

A powerful measure to solve the contradiction problem of military education. The deeper the reform is, the more it needs to exert its strength on deep-seated contradictions and seek benefits from high-quality development. In the historical process of comprehensively implementing the reform to strengthen the army, the new military personnel training system, which is a trinity of military academy education, military training practice and military vocational education, is more perfect, but the overall educational efficiency of military education is still not obvious. The problem of "emphasizing use and neglecting training" in military personnel work still exists, and the function of military vocational education has not been fully exerted. The reform and development of military education is in a critical period of history. To solve these contradictions, we must firmly establish the concept of high-quality development, persist in solving the contradictions in the development of military education with reform and innovation, promote the transformation and upgrading of military education, and improve the level of running schools and the quality of personnel training.

two

Quality is the life of education. To promote the high-quality development of military education, we should be guided by the correct political direction and new development concept, take meeting the demand of military education from the strategy of strengthening the army with talents as our mission, follow the law, be driven by innovation, cultivate internal strength, improve quality, and strive to cultivate high-quality and professional new military talents with both ability and political integrity.

Taking moral education as the fundamental task. It is a fine tradition and political advantage of our army to strengthen moral education and equip officers and men with the party’s innovative theory. To promote the high-quality development of military education, we must highlight the value orientation of Lide Shuren, always insist on running schools and educating people ideologically and politically, put moral education first, put political quality first, put ideological and political work throughout the whole process of military education, solidly promote the "three entrances" of the party’s innovation theory, guide officers and men to strengthen their ideals and beliefs, keep in mind their initial mission, and strive to win the army, so as to realize the whole process and all-round education and ensure the absolute loyalty and purity of the trained talents.

Think that educating people through war is the core orientation. Serving for war is the value and responsibility of military education. High-quality military education must be an education to cultivate talents who can win the battle. We must always face the battlefield, the troops and the future, take the war as a guide and grasp the teaching as a battle, earnestly implement the combat effectiveness standard throughout the whole process of military education, and promote all school-running activities to focus on being able to fight and win the battle. We must pay close attention to the actual combat education and training, teach what we need in the war and practice what the troops need, focus on improving the true skills and hard work of officers and men in preparing for the war, and effectively make the supply side of talent training accurately connect with the demand side of the future battlefield, and move toward the troops, actual combat and the future.

Take deepening reform and connotation development as the basic path. Rebuilding the docking system, deepening reform and innovation, and taking the connotative development road with improving quality as the core are the inherent requirements for the high-quality development of military education. We must persist in confronting contradictions and solving difficult problems with innovative ideas and methods, continuously stimulate the vitality and potential of the military education system, and build excellent courses, teaching materials and teachers closely related to personnel training. We must persist in seeking benefits from connotation, improve the quality of running a school and the efficiency of cultivating talents, constantly optimize the system structure, upgrade the internal quality, integrate superior resources, lay a solid foundation for development, and tap our own potential, so as to explore a new way of high-quality development that is open, integrated and intensive.

The goal is to cultivate high-quality, professional new military talents with both ability and political integrity. The fundamental goal of education is to educate people and cultivate new people of the times who can shoulder the heavy responsibility of strengthening the army. To promote the high-quality development of military education, we must set new standards and requirements for military education "who to train", so that the trained talents can meet the specifications of "having both ability and political integrity", "high quality" and "specialization", which truly meets the needs of army building and future wars. Having both ability and political integrity means being politically competent and capable; High quality means having a world vision, adapting to the requirements of the times and being worthy of the heavy responsibility of strengthening the army; Specialization means that all kinds of military personnel should have the professionalism, professional knowledge, professional skills, professional accomplishment and so on needed to perform their duties.

three

Today, standing at the historical intersection of the new era, we need high-quality military education more than ever before, and look forward to more and more military talent resources more than ever before. We must promote the formation of a joint effort to grasp military education and talent training with greater determination and pragmatic measures.

Strengthen the new military personnel training system. Talent cultivation is a systematic project. It is necessary to meet the needs of national defense and army building, accurately grasp the functional orientation, essential connotation and focus of the trinity new military personnel training system, do a good job in overall planning of the talent team, the "next article" of college reform, and the overall optimization of military education, re-examine the orientation of running schools, scientifically concise the ideas of running schools, and form a pattern of running schools and educating people with clear functions and organic connection. It is necessary to optimize the training paths of all kinds of talents, give full play to the unique functions and respective advantages of strengthening the foundation of military academy education, transforming and applying military training practice, and expanding and improving military vocational education around the goal of educating people in one body, and effectively link up the talent training links between colleges and troops, theory and practice, and classroom and battlefield.

Implement the priority development strategy of colleges and universities. Governing the army first governs the school, and strengthening the army must strengthen the school. It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of priority, and deeply understand the extreme importance of military academies as the main channel for training military talents from the perspective that human resources are the first resource and education is the most fundamental cause of a nation. It is necessary to take practical priority measures, take the construction of colleges and universities as an important first move to promote the development of military construction, establish the orientation of running schools with excellent talents and high-quality resources, and truly implement the priority development strategy. It is necessary to improve the priority mechanism, put the reform and development of military education on the important agenda, and truly give priority to the development of colleges and universities in terms of organization and leadership, development planning and resource allocation. It is necessary to form a priority joint force, and be willing to put the best talents, the most scarce funds and the most advanced equipment into colleges and universities, so as to form a large-scale pattern and system for the construction of colleges and universities jointly supported by military commission organs, colleges and universities, troops and localities and educated by Qi Xin, and to build a cohesive force.

Deepen the reform and innovation of education and teaching. Reform and innovation is the eternal theme of education and teaching. It is necessary to strengthen the top-level design and long-term planning of military education, promote the reform of educational methods, school-running models, management systems and guarantee mechanisms as a whole, and accelerate the innovation of school-running models and operational mechanisms. It is necessary to build a first-class discipline and specialty system, adhere to the development idea of fighting for the war, cultivating the new, supporting the special and strengthening the strength, optimize the layout of disciplines and specialties, lay a solid foundation for disciplines and specialties, strengthen the cultivation of new fields and new quality disciplines, highlight the construction of teaching system focusing on courses and textbooks, and comprehensively improve the level of disciplines and specialties. It is necessary to innovate the training mode of education and teaching, give full play to the leading role of teaching, stimulate the endogenous motivation of learning, establish the actual combat standard of training, enhance the comprehensive benefits of management, and promote the synchronization of teaching and research, the integration of learning and training, and the consistency of training and warfare. It is necessary to focus on building a high-level teaching staff, make full use of high-quality educational strength and resources, improve the teacher training system, stimulate the vitality of the teaching staff, and train a group of famous teachers who are familiar with actual combat and behavior. It is necessary to improve the supporting system and mechanism, strengthen the practical exploration of talent quality standards, talent training mode, teaching quality control and education management operation, and form an institutional arrangement and operation mode suitable for the new system.

Expand the new pattern of open education. Opening schools is an important feature of the development of modern education. It is necessary to conform to the development trend of modern education concept, talent concept and ubiquitous education, make efforts to promote the integrated layout of talent training to develop in depth, put military education into the general trend of education development to examine and consider, and realize joint education, open education and whole-process education; Efforts will be made to promote the all-round and deep integration of military personnel training into the national education system, support military academies to participate extensively in the corresponding national education construction projects and reform plans, and rely on the talent resources and knowledge advantages in national education to promote the training of outstanding military personnel; Efforts will be made to deepen international exchanges and cooperation in military education in the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy, cultivate a global vision, enhance the ability and quality, promote the talent training practice of our army to go abroad and go global, and enhance the international influence and competitiveness of military education.

(Author: School of Political Science, National Defense University)

　　recent days

　　Cases of dengue fever

　　Showing explosive growth in many places.

　　Jiaxing, Zhejiang and Guangzhou.

　　Many confirmed cases have been reported one after another.

　　Once the disease is infected,

　　No vaccine, no specific medicine

　　Many cases have been found in Zhejiang, and some schools have begun to investigate.

　　Recently, several cases of dengue fever were found in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Many primary schools and kindergartens have been investigating people who have lived in Maldives (Southeast Asia), South America, Africa, Yunnan, Guangdong and other areas with dengue epidemic risk since July 8.

　　In this regard, Jiaxing CDC recently issued an urgent reminder: travel abroad in summer, be alert to dengue fever.

　　Guangzhou has reported many cases, involving 18 towns and streets in 10 districts.

　　Since May, many local and imported cases of dengue fever have been reported in Guangzhou. According to Guangzhou CDC news, as of August 1st, 18 towns and streets in the following 10 districts are carrying out dengue epidemic disposal, and there is a risk of transmission.

　　Dengue fever has killed thousands of people around the world.

　　According to the data released by the Brazilian Ministry of Health on August 1, local time, since 2024, the number of suspected and confirmed cases of dengue fever in Brazil has risen to 6,436,326, the number of deaths has risen to 4,939, and another 2,182 deaths have yet to be verified.

　　The Philippine Ministry of Health said on July 16 that as of June 29, the Philippines had reported 90,119 cases of dengue fever this year, of which 233 died. The number of cases this year has increased by 19% compared with the same period last year.

　　dengue

　　It’s a dengue virus

　　Acute insect-borne diseases caused by

　　How does it spread?

　　What are the symptoms once infected?

　　Let’s get to know each other!

　　Beware of these two deadly mosquitoes!

　　Dengue fever is also called "bone fracture fever" because it will cause severe pain after infection. Dengue fever is not "human-to-human", and the mode of transmission mainly depends on the bite of two "flying insects"-Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.

　　Only when mosquitoes suck the blood of infected people and replicate the virus in their bodies, can they spread the virus when they bite others next time, that is, the transmission path of "patients → Aedes → others".

　　How to judge whether you have dengue fever?

　　Typical symptoms of dengue fever can be summarized as follows:

　　Sudden high fever: the body temperature can rise to 39 or 40 degrees Celsius within 24 to 36 hours.

　　Three reds: flush on face, neck and chest.

　　Three pains: severe headache, joint pain all over the body and muscle aches.

　　Rash: Congestive rash or punctate bleeding rash appears on the trunk, head and face of limbs.

　　At present, there are no vaccines and specific drugs!

　　At present, there is no approved and registered vaccine for dengue fever, which means there is no way to prevent dengue fever by vaccination.

　　At the same time, there is no specific antiviral drug at present, and symptomatic treatment measures are mainly taken. The treatment principle is early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment, early mosquito prevention and isolation. Early identification and timely treatment of severe cases are the key to reduce mortality.

　　The best way to prevent dengue fever

　　Don’t be bitten by mosquitoes

　　At present, dengue fever cases in China are mainly imported cases. Friends who plan to take their babies abroad in summer should pay special attention to the following protective measures.

　　"three preparations" before going out

　　Understand the local dengue fever epidemic; Prepare loose, light-colored long-sleeved clothes; Prepare mosquito repellent products.

　　"Three Notices" in the Journey

　　Pay attention to wearing long-sleeved underwear, try to choose light colors, use mosquito repellent products when going out, and avoid staying in shade, grass, gazebo and other places.

　　Pay attention to mosquito control and killing when staying in the hotel. You can use mosquito nets, mosquito coils and mosquito aerosol in the room.

　　If you have suspicious symptoms such as high fever, pain and rash during your trip, pay attention to seeing a doctor in time.

　　After returning home, "three attentions"

　　Pay attention when entering the country, and report to the customs immediately if there is fever.

　　Pay attention within 14 days after returning home, seek medical advice immediately if you have fever, and inform your travel history to avoid delaying your illness and causing serious illness.

　　Dengue infection and recessive infection are both sources of infection. In order to prevent the disease from spreading to family members or others, attention should be paid to isolation measures when treating at home or in hospital.

　　National emergency broadcast reminder

　　The typical death rate of dengue fever is less than 1%

　　But if it is not treated in time,

　　Dragged into a serious illness, the mortality rate exceeded 20%

　　So once there are suspected symptoms,

　　Be sure to seek medical attention in time.

　　Original title: Attack! It has caused thousands of deaths around the world, and it can be contagious without meeting!

　　The speed of the BMW accident is to be identified.

　　Nanjing traffic police responded to nine doubts. The suspects are not rich second generation and official second generation.

　　In view of the traffic accident at the intersection of Shiyang Road and Youyi River in Qinhuai District on June 20th, Weibo, the official of Nanjing Traffic Management Bureau, released the latest investigation progress at 9: 00 last night. This is also the third briefing issued by the department, which responded to many doubts that have attracted wide attention.

　　1. How can the police determine that the arrested suspected man is the perpetrator?

　　The police extracted the blood on the airbag of the BMW car at the scene, and compared it with the blood sample of the suspected man captured by the police, and found it to be the same. Witnesses at the scene identified the arrested man as the suspect. In addition, the suspect Wang Jijin was hit by a vehicle airbag on his chest and was strangled by a seat belt, so it was determined that Wang Jijin was the driver of the BMW.

　　2. How does the police rule out the suspicion that the suspect was driving under the influence of drugs?

　　According to the police investigation, the suspect Wang Jijin had no drug abuse record. After the incident, he was tested for urine, and the result was negative, confirming that he was suspected of driving without drugs. During the on-site investigation, the police found that there was a bag of white powder on the ground about 30 meters away from the BMW. After being extracted and tested by the police, the white powder was starch, which ruled out the possibility of drugs.

　　3. How do the police rule out the suspicion of drunk driving?

　　After the incident, the police extracted the blood sample of the suspect and sent it for inspection. The identification result was that no ethanol component was detected in the blood sample of the suspect Wang Jijin.

　　4. It is understood that the BMW involved in the accident is a seizure car. Can the car be driven on the road, modified or insured?

　　After investigation, the license plate number of the BMW is Shaanxi AH8N88, the vehicle registration place is dmv, the traffic police detachment of Xi ‘an Public Security Bureau, and the owner is Xu Moumou. The initial registration date is March 13, 2014, and the inspection period is valid until March 31, 2016. At the end of 2014, the car was seized by Xi ‘an Public Security Bureau according to law. According to the relevant laws and regulations, the vehicle shall not be changed or transferred during the seizure period, but it does not affect the use of the vehicle. Appraised by the police, the car is a BMW "730" sedan, only the logo has been changed to the BMW "740" logo, and its appearance and technical parameters are consistent with the vehicle registration data. The car is insured with compulsory insurance and third party liability insurance in Pacific Insurance Company, and the insurance is valid from January 14, 2015 to January 13, 2016.

　　5. Is the BMW owned by the suspect and the source of the vehicle?

　　The registered owner of Shaanxi AH8N88 BMW is Xu Moumou, and the actual user is Wang Jijin. After investigation, due to debt disputes, the owner of the car changed hands several times to pay off debts. Later, Wang Jijin bought and used it privately at the price of 400,000 yuan in early 2015, but did not go through the relevant transfer procedures. At present, the police are investigating the multiple transactions of the car.

　　6. Is the suspect’s driver’s license within the validity period?

　　After investigation, Wang Jijin’s quasi-driving model is A2, and the driving license is valid from March 16, 2011 to March 16, 2021, with a validity period of 10 years.

　　7. Is the suspect a rich second generation or an official second generation?

　　After investigation, the suspect Wang Jijin (male, 35 years old, from Jingjiang, Jiangsu) temporarily lives in Jiangning District, Nanjing, and his parents are currently working in Jingjiang’s hometown. His father worked in Nanjing in 1992, and then operated the sales business of hydropower materials in a decorative city. In 2006, due to physical reasons, he handed over the shop to his son Wang Jijin. His mother has no job.

　　8. Why was the suspect wearing a helmet and restrained when he was examined by the police station?

　　The suspect Wang Jijin was very excited after being arrested and taken to the police station. He shouted loudly, hit his head against the wall and tried to bite the police and secret service personnel. For safety reasons, the police put on a helmet for Wang Jijin, handcuffed his hands behind his back and controlled his legs with restraint belts.

　　9. What is the speed of BMW? Is it speeding?

　　According to the video and eyewitness reports, the instantaneous speed of the BMW car was very fast, but the specific value needs further identification.

　　Jinghua Times News (Reporter Nie Hui)

　　Cctv newsRecently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Digital Development of Housing Provident Fund. The details are as follows:

　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology.

　　Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, conscientiously implement the relevant requirements of the State Council on strengthening the construction of digital government, widely apply digital technology to housing provident fund management services, promote business process optimization, model innovation and performance improvement, and create a new digital development model of housing provident fund with system-wide business collaboration, all-round data empowerment, all-business online service and full-chain intelligent supervision, so as to better serve depositors and units, the overall situation of housing work, and the national governance system and governance.

　　(2) Basic principles.

　　— — Adhere to the overall leadership of the party. We will adhere to the party’s overall leadership throughout the whole process of the digital development of housing provident fund, firmly grasp the correct political direction, and provide fundamental political guarantee for the digital development of housing provident fund.

　　— — Adhere to the people as the center. Taking better meeting the basic housing needs of housing provident fund depositors as the starting point and the end result, we will use digital technology to solve the difficulties in handling affairs, improve the efficiency of inclusive public services of housing provident fund, and make the achievements of digital development more fair and benefit the broad masses.

　　— — Adhere to data empowerment. Strengthen data gathering, sharing and utilization in accordance with the law, give play to the role of data as a basic resource and an innovation engine, enrich digital application scenarios, and improve the scientific level of housing provident fund decision-making and the efficiency of management services.

　　— — Adhere to overall coordination. Strengthen the system concept, enhance system integration, continue to promote the intensive construction of housing provident fund information system, promote technology integration, business integration and data integration, and improve the collaborative management and service level across levels, regions, systems, departments and businesses.

　　— — Adhere to safety and control. Fully implement the overall national security concept, coordinate development and security, protect personal information according to law, standardize the application of new technologies, improve the security management system, effectively protect data and network security, and prevent and resolve various risks.

　　(3) Main objectives.

　　By 2025, a new digital development model of housing provident fund will be basically established, the data resource system and platform support system will be more perfect, a new digital management mechanism, a new service model, a new regulatory situation and a new security line will be initially formed, the service capacity and level of digital management will be significantly improved, a new breakthrough will be made in the development of smart housing provident fund, and the service items "online, handheld, nearby and once" will be easier to handle, and the high-quality development of housing provident fund will achieve remarkable results.

　　Two, improve the sharing and utilization of data resources system.

　　(1) Comprehensively strengthen data governance. Strengthen the data management responsibilities of housing provident fund management institutions at all levels, establish and improve a multi-agent collaborative data governance mechanism, and improve the level of data governance and management capabilities. Strengthen the quality management of data in the whole life cycle to ensure that the data is true, accurate and complete. Housing provident fund management center should implement the main responsibility of data management, standardize data collection, improve the quality of newly generated data, carry out the work of improving the quality of existing data, enhance the ability of data checking and error correction by using technical means, and focus on standardizing data semantics, completing missing data and correcting erroneous data. Adhere to step-by-step implementation and handle it steadily, and complete the quality improvement of stock data by the end of 2025.

　　(2) Achieve efficient data sharing. Establish a national government data catalogue of housing provident fund with unified standards and dynamic management, and implement "one number, one source and one standard" to realize inventory management of data resources. According to the needs of performing their duties, establish a data sharing mechanism according to law, expand the scope of shared data, dynamically update the data sharing interface standards, and do a good job in system docking with application scenarios as the traction. Strengthen the management of data sharing authorization, and encourage qualified places to promote the "availability and invisibility" of data sharing.

　　(3) Promote the orderly use of data. Collect data on relevant subjects, objects and behaviors involved in housing provident fund management services according to law, and continuously gather multi-source data. Promote data tagging, build thematic databases and related specialized question banks, explore the construction of multi-dimensional data warehouses, use data modeling, data visualization and other technologies to mine the value of data resources, and improve the ability of comprehensive analysis and application of data. Explore and develop data circulation and utilization according to law, and give full play to the value of data elements.

　　Third, improve the overall collaborative platform support system

　　(1) Build an overall framework for digital development. Strengthen the top-level design and build an overall framework for the digital development of the national housing provident fund that combines unification and separation, intensive and efficient. The national housing provident fund cloud platform, common applications, small programs and supervision service platforms form an integrated hub to promote the interconnection and collaborative linkage of housing provident fund information systems in various places through the integrated hub.

　　(2) Building an integrated cloud platform system. In accordance with the requirements of building a national integrated government cloud platform system, we will build a national housing provident fund cloud platform, gradually realize interconnection and intensive sharing with local housing provident fund cloud platforms, and enhance the support capacity of the cloud platform. We will steadily promote the "going to the cloud" of housing provident fund information systems in various places, and encourage the priority selection of cloud platforms that have passed the security assessment of cloud computing services. Information systems containing sensitive personal information shall not be deployed by public clouds.

　　(3) Form a data convergence and circulation system. Improve the function of the national housing provident fund data platform, encourage the construction of provincial housing provident fund data sharing platform, and promote data convergence and integration. Relying on the existing housing provident fund dedicated line network, the data circulation channel of the Ministry, province and city housing provident fund will be unblocked vertically to realize deep docking and two-way sharing. Promote the Ministry, provincial and municipal housing provident fund data platforms to connect with the government service platform at the corresponding level and the data sharing platform of relevant departments to form a horizontal linkage data sharing channel.

　　(4) Improve the supporting capacity of common applications. Make use of the common applications such as electronic license and electronic seal of the national government service platform to enrich the application scenarios in the field of housing provident fund, and gradually build a unified national common application of housing provident fund such as unified identity authentication, business collaboration in different places, transfer and connection, and issuance of personal deposit and use certificates. Explore the construction of electronic housing provident fund cards to provide support for business handling and related services in various places. Actively expand the application scenarios of digital RMB. Actively explore new mechanisms for co-construction and sharing, and encourage qualified provinces (autonomous regions) to build a unified housing provident fund business system. The housing provident fund management center should actively use the common applications provided by the Ministry and the province to expand the digital and intelligent application scenarios.

　　Fourth, establish a new digital management mechanism for data empowerment

　　(1) Promoting data-aided decision-making. Enhance the awareness of data decision-making, establish and improve the scientific decision-making mechanism aided by big data, promote the transition from empirical decision-making to data decision-making, and cooperate with relevant departments to provide support for the development of digital economy and digital society. Make full use of information resources and strengthen data analysis to provide support for formulating adjustment policies, compiling collection and use plans, judging development trends, and strengthening risk prevention and control. Actively use digital means to understand the needs of the masses, assist scientific decision-making, and respond to the concerns of the masses in time.

　　(2) Improve the efficiency of management and operation. The housing provident fund management center should use digital technology to optimize the housing provident fund management and operation system in an all-round way, promote business process reengineering, and realize accurate and efficient business audit and fast and safe fund settlement. Implement the "Housing Provident Fund Business Archives Management Standard" to improve the digital management level of business archives. Deepen business cooperation with relevant functional departments and institutions, innovate business handling methods with data sharing, expand the coverage of housing provident fund system, expand the benefit of fund use, and improve management and operation efficiency. Establish a standardized and efficient fund operation mechanism, dynamically monitor the liquidity situation, strengthen the analysis of fund operation, promote the rational allocation of funds, and improve the level of refined fund management.

　　(3) Improve the level of risk prevention and control. The housing provident fund management center should expand the dimension of risk-related information acquisition, identify potential risk points, strengthen digital risk early warning, and enhance the foresight and predictability of risk management. The digital risk control model is embedded in the business process to improve the compliance of business handling. Deepen the use of electronic inspection tools, strengthen the investigation and rectification of potential risks, summarize the characteristics and occurrence laws of risks, and further improve the digital risk control model. Strengthen data docking with public security, civil affairs, real estate registration, real estate management, people’s bank, commercial banks, guarantee and other departments and institutions, implement loan risk classification management, dynamically monitor the status of collateral, grasp the loan risk status, and formulate early warning measures to ensure the safety of funds.

　　V. Building a convenient and efficient new digital service model

　　(1) Promote standardization, standardization and facilitation of services. Prepare the basic catalogue and implementation list of national housing provident fund services, and establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism. According to the basic catalogue and implementation list of national housing provident fund services, all localities should compile the catalogue and implementation list of local services. Promote the national unification of the acceptance conditions, service objects, handling procedures, application materials, legal time limit for completion and handling results of the same service item. Optimize the function of the integrated service platform, promote the whole process of online service, and promote the "7×24" hour online service. According to the needs and habits of the masses, optimize the page design, simplify the operation, and realize "you can understand at a glance and do it at a little".

　　(2) Promote cross-regional and cross-departmental coordination of services. Constantly improve the cooperative handling mechanism of business in different places, and use digital technology to improve the efficiency of information investigation and business liaison. The housing provident fund management center should promote the docking and integration of the business system and the national housing provident fund supervision service platform, optimize the process of handling business in different places, compress the processing time limit, and effectively improve the synergy efficiency of "inter-provincial communication". Promote cross-departmental service matters "one thing at a time", and actively integrate the business of housing provident fund deposit and withdrawal with many related matters such as enterprise start-up, employee recruitment and employee retirement, so as to realize "one notification, one application form, one set of materials, one window (end) acceptance and one network handling".

　　(3) Expand intelligent and accurate digital service scenarios. The housing provident fund management center should use multi-source data to accurately "portrait" depositors and depositors, actively discover the needs of service targets, and intelligently push policies and services. Efforts will be made to expand service scenarios, extend service tentacles, use smart mobile devices to break down channel barriers, and actively deliver services to depositors. In online service channels such as online business hall and 12329 housing provident fund hotline, we will promote the application of intelligent services such as intelligent response and intelligent outbound call. In-depth analysis of "good and bad reviews", policy consultation, business handling and other data, timely discover the blocking points and difficulties of the masses, and continuously optimize and innovate the service model.

　　Sixth, create a new situation of coordinated digital supervision

　　(1) Enriching digital supervision means. Establish and improve the digital supervision index system, evaluate the operation of housing provident fund management in multiple dimensions, and promote the classification and supervision of housing provident fund management centers. Supervision departments at all levels should comprehensively use online supervision means such as the national housing provident fund supervision service platform and electronic inspection tools to dynamically monitor and judge the risk status of key issues such as policy implementation, loan management and fund operation, find problems in time, urge classified disposal, and form a closed loop of rectification.

　　(2) Promote multi-dimensional supervision and coordination. Establish and improve a cross-level, cross-departmental and cross-regional collaborative supervision mechanism, strengthen the linkage between online and offline, daily and special, internal and external supervision, and implement on-site supervision on key issues and regions. Strengthen the sharing of regulatory information, do a good job in regulatory coordination with departments such as finance and the People’s Bank of China, and promote the rectification of problems in combination with the supervision opinions of auditing and other departments to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of supervision. Innovatively carry out credit supervision, use public credit information such as housing provident fund deposit and withdrawal, untrustworthy executors, and credit information of the People’s Bank of China to explore the establishment of a joint incentive mechanism for trustworthiness and a joint punishment mechanism for dishonesty.

　　Seven, build a stable and reliable new line of defense for digital security

　　(a) the full implementation of safety management responsibilities. Fully implement the main responsibility and supervision responsibility of safety management in the digital development of housing provident fund, further enhance safety awareness, improve safety assessment, monitoring and early warning, emergency drills, incident handling and other mechanisms, and effectively build a security line. Strengthen the standardized management of enterprises involved in the informatization construction and operation of housing provident fund, and ensure that the boundaries of information system and data security management are clear, responsibilities are clear, and responsibilities are implemented.

　　(2) Effectively guarantee data and network security. Implement the data classification and classification protection system, clarify the data use authority, scope of application, security measures, etc., establish and improve the internal control mechanism of data security, and increase data protection. Strengthen the safety management of data in the whole life cycle, and strengthen technical protection measures such as safety monitoring, data encryption, data desensitization and authorized access. Strictly implement the network security level protection system, and regularly organize self-inspection, detection and evaluation of network security and password application. Strengthen the construction of network security infrastructure, make full use of technologies such as intelligent perception and threat prediction, strengthen daily monitoring, and continuously improve network security protection capabilities.

　　(3) Focus on standardizing the construction of information systems. In accordance with the requirements of "Guidelines for the Informatization Construction of Housing Provident Fund", we will promote the application of platform, component and service architecture design to ensure the high availability and scalability of the information system. The upgrading of the housing provident fund business system should meet the requirements of basic data standards and access standards of settlement application systems, give priority to general system solutions, and standardize the application of new information technologies such as artificial intelligence and biometrics. The infrastructure, application system, safety protection and other construction contents of the housing provident fund information system shall not be all undertaken by the same enterprise.

　　VIII. Safeguard measures　 　 　

　　(1) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. The housing and urban-rural construction departments of all provinces (autonomous regions) should strengthen supervision and guidance, make overall plans to promote the digital development of housing provident fund within their respective administrative areas, and actively publicize and promote typical cases. Under the unified leadership of the local Party committee and government, the Housing Provident Fund Management Committee should give full play to the role of decision-making coordination and establish a coordinated mechanism for digital development with the participation of multiple departments. The housing provident fund management center should establish a normalized working mechanism with the principal responsible person as the first responsible person, scientifically formulate the implementation plan for digital development, improve the assessment and incentive mechanisms, explore and optimize the organizational structure, and comprehensively promote the digital development of housing provident fund.

　　(2) Strengthen talent building and fund guarantee. Establish and improve a multi-level and normal training mechanism, continuously improve the digital thinking, digital skills and digital literacy of cadres, innovate the introduction, training and use mechanism of digital talents, build a compound cadre team that is political, professional and skilled, and a qualified housing provident fund management center can establish the chief data officer system. Establish a team of experts to promote digital development and strengthen training and guidance for digital development. All localities should actively strive for the support of local party committees and governments and relevant departments, rationally arrange the distribution of value-added income and management expenses of housing provident fund, and ensure the capital investment demand for the digital development of housing provident fund.

　　(three) improve the laws and regulations and standards system. In accordance with the requirements of digital development, we will promote the improvement of relevant laws and regulations on housing provident fund. Improve the standard system for the digital development of housing provident fund, and speed up the formulation and improvement of data, system construction, business and services. All localities should earnestly implement relevant laws and regulations, national and industry standards, and improve supporting measures and implementation rules.

Tsinghua University

　　Tsinghua University is one of the earliest universities that advocated and explored the classified development of postgraduate education. Since the reform and opening up resumed postgraduate education, the school has adjusted the orientation of postgraduate education from cultivating teaching and scientific research talents with teachers as the mainstay to paying equal attention to cultivating teaching and scientific research talents and serving the national economic construction. In 1984, the school and 10 brother universities jointly suggested and explored the training of engineering master students with the support of the Ministry of Education. In 1991, the school became the first pilot unit of professional degree category-MBA. After nearly 40 years of practical exploration, the school has deepened its understanding of the development of graduate education classification and formed the following ideas and practices.

　　First, put forward the concept of classified development to make academics more academic and majors more professional.In 2014, the school’s "Several Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Education and Teaching" called for "improving the classified training mechanism … and further forming a pattern of paying equal attention to the training of academic talents and professional talents", and the concept that the two types of degree education are equally important and classified development has gradually become a consensus. In recent years, a new understanding has been further formed that doctoral education focuses on the cultivation of academic talents, reflecting the height of university talent cultivation, and master education focuses on the cultivation of professional talents, reflecting the vitality of universities serving the country’s economic and social development.

　　The second is to improve the setting of disciplines and specialties and form a pattern of paying equal attention to two types of degree education.Adhere to the "four orientations", speed up the layout of urgently needed disciplines and majors such as integrated circuit science and engineering, national security science, party building science of the history of the Communist Party of China, carbon neutral science and technology, ancient philology, public health and health, international affairs, technology transfer, medical management, etc., and actively adjust the scale structure of graduate students. At present, academic degrees and professional degrees account for 55% and 45% of graduate students, 26% and 74% of master students, and 87% and 13% of doctoral students, respectively. The pattern of classified development of graduate education has been formed.

　　The third is to innovate the training organization model and respond quickly and accurately to the major needs of the country.Professional degree, interdisciplinary and international postgraduate training adopts the "project system", which sets training objectives, allocates enrollment plans, formulates training plans, and carries out education and teaching according to projects. A number of projects have been built to meet the needs of the country, such as the master’s program of sports in the management of winter Olympic Games, the international professional degree program of nuclear power engineering and management, which serves the "Belt and Road Initiative" and the "going out" strategy of nuclear power, and the cross-disciplinary training program of clinical medicine, which serves the "healthy China" strategy. In 2022, the National College of Engineers for Excellence was established and the reform project of training doctors and doctors in engineering was implemented to further strengthen the training of high-level talents urgently needed by countries in key areas.

　　In 2018, Tsinghua University set up an innovative leading engineering doctoral program, which closely combined with the needs of China’s economic, social and scientific development, set up main projects, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area projects serving regional coordinated development, Southwest projects, key areas projects helping the development of key industries, integrated circuit projects, public health and wellness projects, advanced technology projects, etc., and gathered 25 engineering training departments in the school, with a cumulative enrollment of more than 1,800 people, forming a good brand effect and social influence.

　　The fourth is to improve the classified training mechanism and promote the high-quality development of postgraduate education.Explore the establishment of an enrollment and selection mechanism that adapts to different types of postgraduate training objectives and the characteristics of students, improve the training mechanism of integration of science and education and integration of production and education, and strengthen the management of the whole training process. Take the lead in completing the reform of graduate degree evaluation standards to break the tendency of "only papers", formulate innovation requirements for academic degrees and professional degrees respectively, encourage academic degree graduates to boldly break into "no man’s land" and do "first-class topics", and encourage professional degree graduates to improve their ability to discover real problems, solve big problems and define new propositions in the practice of "real knives and guns".

　　In the next stage, Tsinghua University will study and implement the spirit of the document of the Ministry of Education, further promote the classified development and innovation of academic degree and professional degree graduate education, further optimize the layout of disciplines and specialties, establish and improve the classified management mechanism for guiding teachers, improve the classified selection, classified training and classified evaluation mechanism for graduate students, explore the construction of a graduate funding system with classified support and cost sharing, and simultaneously improve the training quality of the two types of graduate students, making new and greater contributions to building an education power!

As a novelist, Mr. Shen Congwen has another identity-a historian. Wang Yarong, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, is most familiar with Mr. Shen Congwen, who initiated the study of ancient Chinese costumes.

On September 8, 2017, Wang Yarong gave an academic lecture entitled "Shen Congwen and Ancient Costume Culture" at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, introducing the development of textile archaeology from Mr. Shen Congwen to Mr. Wang and Mr. Wang Yarong, as well as the younger generation of textile archaeologists represented by Wang Jisheng, Si Zhiwen, Fu Meng and Jia Ting, and citing three textile archaeology in detail: the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi, the Chu Tomb of Warring States No.1 in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei, and the Tatonggong Hidden Shrine in Ciyun Temple in Ganzhou, Jiangxi.

In addition, Mr. Wang Yarong also put forward a general idea of "China Costume Museum".

Third from the left in the front row: Shen Congwen, fourth from the left: Wang Yarong.

First, the beginning of textile and apparel research work

China was the earliest country in the world to raise silkworms for reeling, and it was well-known in the world for its silk weaving skills in BC. Silk weaving penetrated into all aspects of ancient social life in China, and was applied to dress, home decoration and many other aspects. Textile cultural relics belong to organic matter, which makes it difficult to get the attention of cultural relics like bones, horns, teeth, jade, porcelain and bronze at the ideological level. As a result, with the subversive transformation of modern production methods, the traditional textile chain in China was almost completely broken, and the physical preservation time of textiles was only 100 years, which eventually led to the fracture of silk-weaving civilization in China.

(A) The publication of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume"

In 1963, during his diplomatic visit, Premier Zhou Enlai found that China, which is famous for its silk weaving, had completely lost its own textile and clothing language, which formed a huge contrast in international exchanges. Therefore, he entrusted Mr. Shen Congwen with the task of completing the gift book of "Research on Ancient Chinese Clothing", which clearly defined the world cultural status of China’s textile culture.

Shen Lao himself recalled the beginning of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume": "In the early spring and summer of 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai and people from several cultural departments talked about going abroad every time, and they were often invited to visit clothing museums and wax museums in those countries, because they could represent the cultural development and technological level of this country. Generally speaking, their exhibitions are mostly materials from the Middle Ages to the 17th and 18th centuries. China has a long history and culture, and there are a lot of old and new materials. I wonder if it is possible to systematically compile some of these books and give them away as cultural gifts when going abroad in the future. At that time, Mr. Qi Yanming was the Deputy Minister of Culture, and I recommended it. "

Mr. Shen Congwen and A Study of Chinese Ancient Costume

After the turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, until September 1981, the Chinese and Japanese versions of Research on Ancient Chinese Costume were finally published by the Hong Kong Branch of the Commercial Press, which was the pioneering work of the research on ancient Chinese Costume. At that time, Mr. Shen led Mr. Wang and I to proofread the manuscript in the office of Hong Kong Commercial Press. During this period, Mr. Shen Congwen also took time to visit his old friends Shang Chengzuo and Mr. Rong Geng at Sun Yat-sen University. At that time, the joyful scene of three wise men was very touching. On that day, Mr. Shang also wrote the title of the book "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume".

Mr. Shen Congwen (middle) and Mr. Rong Geng (right) and Shang Chengzuo (left)

(2) Get to know Mr. Shen Congwen

Mr. Shen Congwen’s interest in the study of cultural relics and historical materials began very early. From the 1930s, he paid special attention to various crafts in his hometown Miaoxiang, Xiangxi, and began to write some papers on textile archaeology in the 1940s. After liberation, because of the need of job change, he devoted himself to the research and preaching of cultural relics. Premier Zhou’s entrustment became an opportunity for Mr. Shen to devote more of his mind to the research work of "mutual proof of history and reality" in textile and apparel. For example, in 1953, Mr. Shen published an article on "Weaving Gold Brocade" in "New Observation", with more than 10,000 words, in which he put forward many new ideas that others did not pay attention to at that time. Among them, the naming and naming of many things was decided by Mr. Shen. For example, the concept of "jade clothes" that we are familiar with now comes from this article. Sure enough, the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing, and his wife Dou Wan in Mancheng, Hebei Province, which was excavated in 1968, has been unearthed, confirming Shen Lao’s inferential research.

As we all know, Mr. Shen Congwen’s research on ancient Chinese costumes encountered many problems and delayed a lot because of the times, but in the meantime, Shen Lao never stopped reading and pondering over documents and cultural relics. Mr. Wang and I got to know Mr. Shen in these turmoil and hardships, and were taught by him to invest in the research work of ancient Chinese costumes.

In the 1970s, the library was a deserted place, with only a few people all day. I got acquainted with Professor Yang Xianru, a good friend of Mr. Shen, from the Chinese Department of Renmin University of China, because I was looking for periodical materials in the Beijing Library. After knowing the information I was looking for, Professor Yang told Mr. Shen Congwen that I had the information I needed and warmly introduced me to Mr. Shen Congwen. In 1973, due to Mr. Shen’s lack of assistants, I hoped I could help him draw, so Mr. Shen asked me to "draw" the bear play of the five-bird play, which was advocated by Hua Tuo in the Western Han Dynasty, according to a group of pictures of gold and silver artifacts in People’s Pictorial. After reading it, Mr. Shen was very satisfied and thought that I understood his required intention. Since then, I have become a helper in the study of Mr. Shen’s material and cultural history.

Bear play of wuqinxi

In the 1970s, Mr. Shen continued to sort out the manuscript of "Research on Ancient Chinese Costume", and he never stopped studying various material and cultural history. But what Shen Lao is really most concerned about is how to spread the essence of national culture more, so from the beginning, his research method is "historical facts prove each other", and the goal is to make more people understand and narrow the distance with the essence of traditional culture through these studies after comparing the physical objects with the literature. Mr. Shen’s research has always been the pursuit of painting reproduction and physical evidence collection. My early work was also here. Since then, I have also entered the research of traditional textile and clothing culture until today.

(3) Initiating the cause of textile archaeology

In 1978, Mr. Shen was transferred to the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences to establish a research room for ancient Chinese costumes. Proposed by Mr. Shen Congwen and approved by Dean Hu Qiaomu, Mr. Wang and I officially became Mr. Shen’s assistants, which initiated the study of textile archaeological cultural relics and advocated the materialistic method of "taking the history of physical evidence" to study clothing culture. Although Mr. Wang and I can’t compete with Mr. Shen, we did finish some work that Mr. Shen didn’t set foot in, which made the work of Mr. Shen in his later years smoother. The combination of our practice and Mr. Shen’s research benefited us greatly, which can be described as the great fortune of our generation.

When I assisted Mr. Shen’s clothing culture research in the early days, a series of work was initiated in China, which really improved the work content of China ancient textile clothing research, and I also engaged in clothing culture research all my life. This work is all the practice and research work of textile archaeology. It not only really perfects the research work of textile and clothing initiated by Mr. Shen, but also becomes the only China-specific branch of archaeology in China.

As the first practitioners of this work, I deeply felt the profound accumulation of ancient Chinese costume culture and history in practice, so I felt that my responsibility was great. As the staff at the archaeological site, they exercise the duty of protecting and studying cultural relics. The organic textile cultural relics that are difficult to be preserved are fragile and deteriorated. A slight mistake at the scene will destroy or mislead the direction of culture. It can be said that it is a big crime to see and not get them. More than forty years of first-line work experience, I dare not comment on others, but always introspect. In retrospect, I should have a clear conscience.

Mr. Wang and I participated in the excavation, protection and restoration of textiles, including Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, No.1 Chu Tomb in Jiangling Mashan, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, Tangta Palace in Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, Liu Sheng Tomb in Zhongshan, Hebei Province, Dabaotai Han Tomb in Beijing and Guo Tomb in Sanmenxia, Henan Province. After Mr. Wang’s physical condition declined, I personally presided over the excavation, restoration, protection and research of many textile cultural relics, such as the Eastern Han Tomb in Niya, Minfeng, Xinjiang, the Han Tomb in Laoshan, Beijing, the Yuan Tomb in Yuanling, Hunan, the Tomb of Military Attaché in Shijingshan in Qing Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi, the cultural relics in Ciyun Temple Tower in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, the cultural relics in Pigeon Cave in Longhua, Hebei, and the Liao Tomb in Yemaotai, Liaoning. These works gradually formed a relatively complete physical chain of textile cultural relics in China, which provided important evidence for the study of ancient Chinese costume culture, and also improved the protection of textile cultural relics and the research of technology in practice.

1995 is the 30th anniversary of Mr. Shen Congwen’s research on ancient Chinese costumes. With the support of Mr. Guo Hanying, the son of Guo Moruo, the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, a small commemorative exhibition was held in Guo Moruo’s former residence. The exhibition was very successful and won unanimous praise from leading experts from China Academy of Social Sciences, China Academy of Sciences, National Cultural Heritage Administration, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Fashion. At that time, Mr. Wang Renzhi, executive vice president of China Academy of Social Sciences, gave us eight words with great emotion after knowing our work situation in detail: hard work and bleak management.

Left one: Xinhua News Agency reporter, left two: Wang Yarong, left three: Mrs. Shen, right three: Wang, right two: Wang Zengqi, right one: Guo Hanying.

Second, the practice and research in the field of textile archaeology

Mr. Shen Congwen strongly advocated that the study of costume culture should make the past serve the present. Textile archaeological excavation and protection is to inherit the skills of China elements of our ancestors, and apply them to all aspects of modern social life. It is the closest research to modern social life to revitalize the study of China’s clothing culture and clothing. Therefore, under the guidance of Shen Lao, we pay special attention to the extension of textile and clothing research work. The following will give three examples to describe the situation of textile archaeological sites in recent years.

(1) Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

Jing ‘an County, Jiangxi Province is located in Yichun City, northwest Jiangxi Province, 80 kilometers southeast of Nanchang. Jing ‘an County, Jiangxi Province has a high terrain in the west and a low terrain in the east, with mountains in the west and hilly plains in the east. The North River runs through the whole territory from west to east. Shuikou Township, where the Tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is located, is located ten kilometers west of the county seat, which is a transitional zone from hills to western mountains. Shuikou basin is about three kilometers long from east to west and two kilometers wide from north to south. The tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are located on the southern edge of the basin.

According to the relics collected from the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province after being stolen, including silk fragments, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the rescue excavation of the tomb, and informed me to participate in the rescue and protection of silk together with Jiangxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The tomb is a vertical hole tomb with earth pits, divided into three groups of 47 coffins, and there is almost no gap between coffins. Therefore, the primary problem faced by archaeological work is how to extract the coffin. Because the water level in the south is low and humid, and there is a lot of water in the coffin, siphon pumping is adopted. In order to prevent the silk in the coffin from being bumped and dislocated during transportation, it is coated with desized white cotton cloth. Then, we made a special iron carriage, transported the coffin to a large grain depot nearby for cleaning and disinfection as a temporary laboratory, and cooled the room temperature to 18℃ with ten air conditioners.

Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

Because the bamboo mat wrapped the corpse is very fragile, the method of coiling was adopted, and at the same time, attention should be paid to water conservation. After extraction, it was found that the weaving technology of bamboo mats at that time was almost the same as that of modern times, and they were all "human" patterns.

Excavate the cleared bamboo mat.

In the process of cleaning silk fabrics, it was found that mud, sand and silk fabrics were mixed together, and those sands were very small, the largest of which was only the size of mung beans, so they were picked up one by one. Silk fabrics are also wrapped in soil, so it is impossible to judge the specific shape and appearance. Therefore, we decided to build a pool beside it, beat the water with our hands, and use the ripples of the water to swing out the mud. Every time we clean it, we need to change the water for 50 or 60 times. When the silk fabric is about to be cleaned, we need to slowly absorb the water and mud with a sponge. This process is very long. When the mud was completely cleaned up, the largest piece of textile unearthed from the coffin so far was obtained, and it was determined that the silk fabric was a square hole yarn of mulberry silk.

Excavation of the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province-Pick-up and Cleaning of Textiles

The Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province, after two years of on-site rescue cleaning and protection, the earliest warp and brocade textiles in China have been discovered so far (most of the textiles we see now are weft-knitted). In this tomb, the square hole yarn, hunting brocade and geometric brocade of silk fabrics from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were cleared up, among which the density of geometric double-color brocade fabric reached 240×10 pieces/cm2, which is quite high today. After preliminary research, all the tomb owners are women aged 15 to 25, but no jewelry has been found, which may not be the wife and concubine of the dignitaries, but the weaver of the nearby textile workshop. This excavation work successfully rescued the tombs and precious cultural relics of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty under protection, and obtained many empirical evidences of the costume culture of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China in 2007.

Original Jing Jin Unearthed from Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province

(2) Chu Tomb of Warring States Period No.1 in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei.

Mashan No.1 Warring States Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province, which was cleaned in 1982, was in good sealing condition. Silk cultural relics were well preserved in the coffin. It was amazing at the beginning of the coffin opening, and it was very beautiful to see colorful embroidered quilts. But after a glance, Mr. Wang decided to immediately close the coffin and seal it and transport it back to the laboratory for further cleaning, so as to clean, protect and study it in a better environment.　

It has been more than 30 years since the excavation of the tomb. Except for the excavation personnel, the cultural relics that people can see are all exhibits or pictures after excavation, and most people’s understanding of cultural relics is "second-hand" or incomplete. Mashan N10 (the tenth cultural relic of the inner coffin) has a scarf tapestry with a light yellow silk face tattooed by a phoenix flower. Most of the cultural relics can only see a positive image, and if we only take the picture data as the basis, we may get two restoration results. What is really noteworthy is that these two results seem to be consistent with the report in terms of patterns, colors, sizes, etc., so which is true or false? We then studied the back of two kinds of restored products, and finally confirmed the results according to the specific process techniques.

N10 phoenix bird flower tattooed on the No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling (left: original copy, right: original copy)

It is worth paying attention to the collar of the cotton robe with light yellow silk face tattooed by the flowers of N10 phoenix bird at No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling. The collar is a very regular geometric pattern, all of which are diamonds, while the pattern in the middle of the diamond is very elegant. For example, there is a carriage in the design, and the driver in blue is responsible for driving the carriage, and the yellow one is shooting an arrow with a bow and a standard behind it. Below the figure is a carriage, below which are wheels, and in front of which are galloping horses pulling carts. In the diamond on the right left of this set of hunting maps of horses and chariots, there is a beast with an arrow falling to the ground and looking back, and there is a running deer in front of the beast. In the diamond on the lower left of the hunting map of horses and chariots, there is a man twisting his body, holding a sword in his right hand and a shield in his left hand to fight the tiger opposite. In the diamond on the right side of the pattern, there is a man kneeling on the ground, fighting with a leopard with a dagger in his right hand, and there is a small hunting dog next to him. In this unit, which is only 6.8 cm wide and 17 cm long, the scene of ancient nobles shooting rich wolves and fighting tigers and leopards is shown. Only this deputy collar, an embroiderer needs to embroider for more than seven months, which shows the luxury of the king’s life at that time.

The hunting map of horses and chariots on the collar

Perhaps the above examples should make everyone feel that the real history of textile cultural relics is sometimes misunderstood blindly. Mashan Chu Tomb is the precious silk products of the Warring States period that we first saw and cleaned up. As practitioners who stripped, protected and recorded textiles, the seriousness and rigor of our work was obvious to all at that time. Even so, the understanding of the tapestry was not correct at the initial stage, and even the excavation report was mistakenly written as a tapestry.

There are also mistakes in many published materials, such as the unit pattern extraction of embroidered quilt in Mashan Chu Tomb. Except for the Study of Ancient Chinese Costume by Mr. Shen Congwen, even the Excavation Report of No.1 Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province by Cultural Relics Publishing House has deviations in the division of pattern units. This may also be related to the misunderstanding of cultural relics as the digger himself. The correction of these misunderstandings comes from Mr. Shen’s long-standing research requirements and his strong desire to reproduce historical truth.

In the 1970s, after completing the excavation of the Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province, I personally devoted myself to the vision of the reappearance of cultural relics after work. Under the extreme enthusiasm for the appearance of cultural relics more than 2,000 years ago, we overcame many difficulties, made a deeper interpretation of cultural relics again, and set out to copy the N10 robe of Mashan No.1 Chu Tomb. The robe has straight sleeves, wide cuffs and a right collar. The dress is complete with lock embroidery to complete the embroidery of phoenix flower pattern, and the collar edge field hunting tattoo decoration is completed with nano-embroidery technology. China’s traditional clothing with plane cutting has always had the effect of three-dimensional cutting, but at first glance, N10′ s underarm square insert did not know its function. However, after the recovery, wearing a belt, no matter what action the hand makes, the dress will not move, which is not only convenient for the action, but also maintains the etiquette of Jing Ya, which is worth learning from today.

N10 garment replica of Mashan No.1 Chu Tomb

The pattern on N2 quilt of Mashan Chu Tomb is also very beautiful. For example, in the dragon and phoenix combination pattern, two S-shaped dragons are opposite, and the wind mouth holds the dragon’s tail, which makes the dragons seem to be struggling. In this batch of decorative patterns, the phoenix is at the top, either biting the dragon’s tail with its beak or stepping on the dragon with its foot. The whole pattern structure is very particular about dragons and phoenixes crisscrossing each other, turning left and right symmetrically, and staggered up and down by half a grid. All the patterns in the tomb are mainly dragons, phoenixes and tigers, and the phoenix has the upper hand, which seems to be related to the totem or belief of the Chu nationality at that time.

The dragon and phoenix combination pattern on the quilt of N2 in Mashan Chu Tomb

Mr. Shen was very pleased with the reproduction of the textile cultural relics of Mashan Chu Tomb. He even said that "the representative clothes that have been experienced for many years will be made one by one and displayed in a room, which is the China Costume Museum". Professor Zhang Guangzhi of Harvard pointed out with excitement: Your work is the reappearance of ancient costumes by using experimental archaeology research methods, which makes the latest research method that rose in the United States unexpectedly appear in China and try it in textile archaeology, a new discipline that has not been paid enough attention to. He encouraged me to keep going.

Since the successful excavation and publication of the cultural relics of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Hunan Province, important textile cultural relics have appeared in a series of tombs such as Mashan Chu Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province, Tangta Palace in Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, Liu Sheng Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, Dabaotai Han Tomb in Beijing, Yemaotai Liao Tomb in Liaoning Province, Guo Tomb in Sanmenxia, Henan Province, Niya East Han Tomb in Minfeng, Xinjiang, Laoshan Han Tomb in Beijing, and Dong Zhou Tomb in Jing ‘an, Jiangxi Province. Although we worked patiently, the method was not really taken seriously by the academic circles, and what remained was only the rotten and unrecognizable remains, which failed to make people intuitively understand silk cultural relics and left the world’s understanding of China’s silk weaving and clothing history in a gloomy impression. Although I feel deeply sorry and responsible, the busy work and limited funds have made the expansion of textile experimental archaeology expected by the old gentlemen come to a standstill.

(3) Hidden niche of Pagoda Temple of Ciyun Temple in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province

May 26th, 2004. Ganzhou Museum in Jiangxi Province has been repairing the stupa of Ciyun Temple, and found a large number of broken cultural relics in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty in the hidden niche on the fourth floor of the inner wall.

Ciyun Temple Tower in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province and Unearthed Cultural Relics Fragments

The restoration of paper-based paintings and calligraphy unearthed from Ciyun Temple Tower is quite different from the traditional mounting and restoration technology of China paintings and calligraphy. It is a restoration and research work jointly completed by archaeological taxonomy, cultural relics protection technology and China painting research, which took five years to complete.

In the early stage of debris sorting, many pieces were sorted for the first time according to basic characteristics such as material and color by using the method of shape classification in archaeology. Then these sorted pieces of paper and silk cultural relics are selected and classified according to their artistic meaning, and the pieces are reassembled and selected with similar artistic meaning and gradually put together. After the initial splicing, more than 30 paintings of support in the Northern Song Dynasty were repaired by connecting and shaping with a single silk screen of silkworm, exposing the life paper after painting the heart is stuffy, absorbing water and discharging solid with the lining paper, scraping the damaged part along the edge of the defect, mending according to the contour of the defect, sticking the folding strips and other steps, and there were almost no such paintings handed down at that time. At that time, Mr. Su Bai, a famous archaeologist, shook his head and said, "I don’t understand, I don’t understand", and suggested that no experts should write conclusive opinions, and the archaeological report should publish the information completely, so that experts from various related fields can participate in the research.

Before and after the restoration of the seven-year remnant of Dazhong Xiangfu

Third, the idea of establishing China Costume Museum.

Archaeological discoveries and documents in China record that Chinese’s clothing culture has evolved from the beginning to the world’s glory, and more than half a century’s scientific exploration of textile archaeology has also presented the world with a physical chain of clothing culture. From the ultra-fine bone needle of Xiaogushan discovered in Liaoning about 45,000 years ago to the textile machinery of Hemudu, to Mashan, Mawangdui, Famen Temple and Niya textile cultural relics, it eloquently shows the glory of China’s costume culture history. China’s sericulture and silk weaving technology is an important invention presented to the world.

Shen Congwen, a famous writer and cultural relic historian in China, was proposed by Premier Zhou Enlai half a century ago to create a precedent for the research and protection of China’s costume culture, and Shen Lao’s Study of Ancient Chinese Costume is a pioneering work in this field. Then, from Mawangdui Han Tomb, Mashan Chu Tomb, Famen Temple Underground Palace, Niya in Xinjiang, Laoshan in Beijing to Jing ‘an Tomb in Jiangxi, and so on, a series of major textile archaeological discoveries are amazing every time. In view of the limitation of fragile textile cultural relics preservation, Shen Congwen said to the embroidered cotton-padded clothes of the Warring States that we studied and copied: If we can do one thing when it is mature, every little makes a mickle, and it will be the "China Costume Museum" with a house on display. He also reported this idea to China Academy of Social Sciences and National Cultural Heritage Administration, but for various reasons, Shen Congwen and Mr. Wang failed to do so.

In the prosperous times, it will be a great event and a good deed to set up China Costume Museum. If people of insight unite with experts and scholars in the fields of archaeology, cultural preservation and textile, and combine with technical groups who have mastered traditional textile skills, on the basis of the research results and planning of the older generation of experts and scholars, and use the method of experimental archaeology to reproduce the true meaning of China’s costumes in a planned way, it should be the development direction and important measure of China’s costume culture to create a China costume museum integrating research, protection and inheritance.

China clothing museum should include the following functions:

1, textile archaeological excavation research and protection (to cooperate with qualified units), all kinds of textile processing technology research, protection and inheritance;

2. Holding an exhibition of textile archaeological discoveries;

3. Widely collect, protect and exhibit ancient textile cultural relics scattered in society;

4. On the basis of scientific research, high-level reproduction of fine clothing and cultural relics of past dynasties;

5, textile machinery (silk, twill, yee, brocade, velvet, satin, silk, makeup) into the display;

6. Printing and dyeing process (three series of plants, minerals and animals);

7. Silkworm reeling (simulated display);

8. Embroidery technology (process evolution and local characteristics);

9. Accessories (crown, boots and shoes, jewelry, quilt, accessories).

In a hurry for decades, Hua Fa is gray, recycled to the evening, and persisted with only a little persistence. Fortunately, I can say that I have a clear conscience about Mr. Shen. On the one hand, the research on China clothing initiated by Mr. Shen is advancing, and the spirit of Mr. Shen’s experimental archaeology has not been extinguished, and it is still quietly carried forward; On the other hand, through continuous efforts, Mr. Shen’s research has injected a lot of fresh blood and passed on in an orderly way. A young team of ancient textile protection research has basically matured and is growing day by day.

(Lecture draft finishing: Qin Chaochao)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, May 21st (Reporter Guo Dan) According to a report in Japan’s Nagasaki News on the 21st, a large number of people gathered near the US military base in sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan on the 20th to strongly protest against the docking of the US Navy’s nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Nimitz at a Japanese port.

　　This activity was organized by Nagasaki Peace Center. On the same day, about 350 Japanese people participated in the protests. Holding the sign of "opposing the docking of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers", they shouted slogans such as "opposing the military use of ports" and "opposing the military integration between Japan and the United States" at the US naval base.

　　According to Japanese media reports, in addition to this protest, the Nagasaki Prefecture Trade Union and others also set up the "Local Struggle Headquarters for Preventing Nuclear Ships from Docking at the Port", and held a sit-in demonstration in a park in Sasebo every evening from the 19th. The activity will last until the 22nd.

　　The "Nimitz" nuclear-powered aircraft carrier has been docked at the American ship base in Sasebo since the 19th. This is nine years after the US Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier George Washington docked at this port in August 2014.

　　At the fantastic opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, amazing scenes aroused people’s full enthusiasm for exploration. Zhang Yimou, the general director, has become the focus of various media.

　　The array, the "big footprint", the five rings, the painting axis … How are these presented? What are the stories behind it? Under the media’s questioning, these once highly confidential secrets were unveiled one by one.

　　Why use the array to count down?

　　A dazzling skylight activated the ancient sundial in the "Bird’s Nest". The strong light reflection of the sundial ignited the "sundial array" again. With the rhythm of light waves, 2008 strong men dressed in silver waved down … "Knock, knock, knock", and the words 60, 50, 40, 30 and 20 flashed on the glowing surface in the rhythm of rolling thunder. Finally, the countdown to the last 10 seconds flashed dreamily. Fireworks rose and the crowd was excited. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games kicked off with loud drums and loud cheers.

　　Zhang Yimou said that as the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the countdown is very important. He said that the countdown to the previous Olympic Games was basically a way of playing short films and then cooperating with fireworks. "But we want to innovate." So, he moved the performance of striking the scales forward, put a luminous body on the scales, made the sundial activated by the light from outside, and then let the reflected light of the sundial trigger the striking, "conveying a concept of time".

　　It is understood that the success of the array lies not in technology, but in the people who attack it. In 2008, it is very difficult to achieve a very precise degree, uniform movements and organic occlusion of images. In the performance, we can see that the arms of 2008 actors are raised at the same time, and they are all on a horizontal line from any angle.

　　All these participants came from the Beijing Military Region and the Armed Police Corps, and they had a long drill. In order to achieve uniformity, sometimes it is even necessary to pull up the rope along the position where the soldiers raise their arms to determine the height and angle of the arms.

　　The "big footprint" came like this.

　　On the evening of the 8th, an invisible giant strode from Yongding River in the south of Beijing to the Bird’s Nest along the central axis of ancient Beijing, leaving a "big footprint" full of China’s freehand brushwork, which shocked all the audience.

　　Zhang Yimou, the general director, believes that the "big footprint" is one of the biggest highlights of the opening ceremony.

　　Cai Guoqiang, the chief designer of visual arts and fireworks for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games, said that the "Big Footprint" adopted the chamber pressure launching technology, which can adjust the pressure and control the level of fireworks. The "Big Footprint" fireworks came from 15 kilometers away at an accurate pace every two seconds. This process adopted a new technology of digitally controlled ignition, which can control the error to several milliseconds. When the twenty-ninth "footprint" went over the "Bird’s Nest", there was no time error.

　　Wang Ning, director of the Beijing Olympic Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies Operation Center, said that the "big footprint" is the most complete idea from the beginning to the end, but the number of footprints has changed.

　　29 "footprints", representing the history of the 29th Olympic Games, came to Beijing and the "Bird’s Nest" step by step.

　　How the Olympic rings rise like a dream

　　When the "big footprint" bloomed over the "Bird’s Nest", countless little stars floated lightly into the "Bird’s Nest" in the sky. With the little stars falling, several "flying stars" fell from the sky, and the "little stars" falling on the field miraculously gradually gathered together and became the silver Olympic rings.

　　The most surprising thing is that the "flying sky" floating down from the sky actually lifted the Olympic rings slowly from the ground, making them magically suspended in front of more than 100,000 live audiences. Then, the Olympic rings gradually disappeared in the night sky, like ice melting in water.

　　It is understood that in order to present this magical effect, technicians first made a giant net made of steel wires, and then welded more than 45,000 light-emitting diodes on the steel wire net according to the layout of the five rings. When these lights emit white light, they present the dazzling five rings that the audience saw.

　　And this net was placed in the middle of the field in advance. When the program started, all the lights were dimmed. With the music playing, the giant display screen in the center of the stage slowly showed the pattern of the Olympic rings, which completely coincided with the pattern of the five rings on the wire net. Then, the steel wire slowly pulled up the steel wire net with the music, and the light-emitting diodes on the net also lit up. At the same time, the five-ring pattern on the display screen disappeared, so it seemed that the Olympic rings were magically lifted from the ground into the air.

　　How does the huge scroll unfold?

　　When the huge scroll on the ground slowly unfolded, the audience was shocked. "The legacy of ancient times", four great inventions, Chinese characters, traditional operas, the Silk Road and the Great Wall are magically displayed on this huge scroll in turn.

　　Zhang Yimou introduced that this huge scroll is actually a huge LED screen with a length of 147 meters and a width of 27 meters. The reason why this scroll is adopted is because "we especially want to find a cultural symbol of China, and everyone likes the freehand brushwork and romance of China traditional Chinese painting. We want to magically open the picture scroll on the venue, crystal clear and beautiful. "

　　He said that the unfolding of the scroll is relatively simple, that is, when it is shown on the big screen on the ground, it is shown in sections bit by bit, and the two scrolls are engaged with it and rotate, and after close cooperation, the scene of opening the scroll is formed.

　　He said, compared with technology, it is more difficult to choose the content on the scroll, because China has a long cultural origin of 5,000 years, which is very important. "Our team set a purpose and chose the most representative one. For example, China’s four great inventions and the Silk Road. "

　　Why didn’t you choose Feng Haichao for ignition?

　　The most striking ignition ceremony began. When Sun Jinfang lit the torch in Li Ning’s hand, Li Ning raised the torch and flew into the sky under the traction of steel cables. In this way, Li Ning led hundreds of millions of people to run, until the main torch was finally lit, and the atmosphere at the scene was burned to boiling point.

　　Lighting the main torch is the biggest suspense in the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games. Zhang Yimou said that the way to light the main torch is the most important issue for his team.

　　Among them, there is a phoenix ignition. Zhang Yimou said that this ignition method was once the focus of their discussion, but the International Olympic Committee stipulated that the final ignition must be done by athletes. "If we are the Phoenix, the Phoenix will be the eighth best.".

　　He revealed that in addition to Li Ning, the candidates also included Xu Haifeng and Xiong Ni, "Li Ning has done a very good job".

　　How to choose Milk Lin and Lin Hao?

　　At the opening ceremony, a lovely girl in a red skirt "sang the motherland" with a tender voice, which attracted people’s attention. Who is this little girl? How was she chosen?

　　Zhang Yimou said that the little girl’s name is Milk Lin. "Because of this link, we found children from 56 ethnic groups across the country to escort the national flag to rise. According to the characteristics of Milk Lin, our music director specially produced a lyrical version of "Singing the Motherland", which is different from what you usually hear, very lyrical and beautiful. He said that every rehearsal, he listened to Milk Lin sing "Singing the Motherland" and was sincerely moved by it.

　　Like Milk Lin, people are curious about the little boy around Yao Ming, the standard-bearer. Zhang Yimou revealed that the little boy’s name is Lin Hao, and he comes from the Sichuan earthquake-stricken area.

　　Zhang Yimou said that after the Sichuan earthquake, all members of the opening ceremony team felt that earthquake relief should be used in the opening ceremony. "Lin Hao was recommended locally in Sichuan. At that time, several little heroes were recommended. We chose him because he was very small and cute. We think it’s very interesting that he, a little guy, is with Yao Ming, a big guy, and he is a giant with our future. ". (Reporter Ye Tieqiao)

Editor: Li Dan